<![CDATA[Interoperability among Electronic Medical Records (EMR), Laboratory Information Systems (LIS), and Picture Archiving and Communication Systems (PACS) has shifted from an optional enhancement into an operational and regulatory necessity for modern hospitals. In many high-income countries, LIS and PACS are already treated as integral EMR sub-systems, whereas in numerous developing countries, Indonesia included the three platforms are still frequently managed as isolated silos, so that bridging mechanisms and protocol standardization have not yet become a central strategic agenda. This article applies a systematic literature review to examine how bridging and protocol standardization can be achieved across EMR, LIS, and PACS. Sources were retrieved from ScienceDirect, PubMed, SpringerLink, IEEE Xplore, DOAJ, and Google Scholar, combining foundational studies with literature published within the last ten years. The review shows that successful integration rests on eight interrelated pillars: (1) data and medical-terminology standards, (2) privacy and data-security safeguards, (3) structured data-entry practice, (4) technology and information-system readiness, (5) leadership commitment and policy support, (6) standardized system protocols, (7) suitable integration patterns and models, and (8) network-layer protocol standardization following the OSI reference model.]]>
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