Journal Of Computer Science And Technology
Vol 4 No 3 (2026): JOCSTEC - September

Cross-Lingual Indirect Prompt Injection Across Retrieval, Reranking, And Generation In Multilingual RAG

Fauzi Bondan Prihananto (Universitas Duta Bangsa)
Erlangga Bayu Yudho Prakoso (Universitas Duta Bangsa)
Aprilisa Arum Sari (Universitas Duta Bangsa)
Tomy Anugrah Islami (Universitas Duta Bangsa)



Article Info

Publish Date
28 Sep 2026

Abstract

External evidence can make retrieval-augmented generation (RAG) more informative, yet retrieved passages also provide a path for adversarial instructions to enter the model context. We examine that path in an English-Indonesian RAG system and track cross-lingual indirect prompt injection separately at retrieval, reranking, and generation. The experiment starts from 75 semantic items and evaluates every item in eight query/body/payload language combinations, for 600 paired trials. Qwen3-Embedding-0.6B and BGE-M3 produce top-20 candidate sets, BGE-reranker-v2-m3 reduces each set to five documents, and Qwen3-0.6B answers from the resulting context with either a standard prompt or an explicit trust-boundary prompt. Statistical uncertainty is estimated by resampling semantic items, and paired binary outcomes are modeled with generalized estimating equations. Poison documents reached the top 20 in 80.50% of Qwen trials and 37.67% of BGE-M3 trials (odds ratio 6.94, 95% CI 4.53-10.63). Top-five exposure was 18.50% and 16.17%, respectively. Standard end-to-end attack success was 6.33% for Qwen and 6.00% for BGE-M3; boundary-aware prompting lowered both rates to 1.33%, with no canary false positives. The results indicate that multilingual RAG security depends on several linked stages rather than generation alone.

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Journal Info

Abbrev

jocstec

Publisher

Subject

Computer Science & IT

Description

Journal of Computer Science And Technology (JOCSTEC) is a scientific journal that publishes research results and thoughts in the field of computers and information technology. JOCSTEC focuses on publishing research results that contribute to understanding theory and applications in the field of ...