<![CDATA[The main objective of this study is to evaluate the performance of a photovoltaic (PV) system under real-world conditions by analyzing three key climatic variables on a monthly scale: insolation, average daily temperature, and photovoltaic power output. Insolation, defined as the average daily sunshine duration, is a critical parameter for estimating the solar energy potential in the Ghardaïa region, which is characterized by a desert climate. Average daily temperature directly influences the efficiency of PV panels, as elevated temperatures tend to reduce their performance. Photovoltaic power output, expressed in kWh/m²/day, is calculated based on solar radiation, providing a measure of actual energy generation under prevailing climate conditions. The analysis of these three climatic parameters offers valuable insights into seasonal variations and their impact on solar energy production in the Ghardaïa region. To optimize PV system performance, the study emphasizes the importance of accurate system design supported by advanced numerical methods. We extend the modeling from individual solar cells to complete PV modules and arrays, accurately reproducing their electrical characteristics. Simulations are performed in MATLAB/Simulink to validate the proposed model, which is based on an enhanced two-diode representation that reflects realistic operating conditions.]]>
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