<![CDATA[Delayed union and nonunion are complications in the healing of long bone fractures that can cause delayed functional recovery, decreased quality of life for patients, and increased need for further interventions. This condition occurs due to disturbances in the bone healing process influenced by various biological and mechanical factors. This literature review aims to identify and analyze risk factors associated with the occurrence of delayed union and nonunion in long bone fractures. This study uses the literature review method thru the process of identification, selection, and analysis of various scientific articles based on inclusion and exclusion criteria. The review results show that risk factors include fracture characteristics such as high-energy trauma, open fractures, soft tissue damage, and bone loss; patient factors such as advanced age, diabetes mellitus, osteoporosis, malnutrition, obesity, and smoking; factors related to the operative procedure such as reduction quality, fixation stability, and timing of definitive fixation; and postoperative complications, especially infections. These factors can disrupt vascularization, osteoblast activity, mechanical stability, and callus formation. It can be concluded that delayed union and nonunion are multifactorial conditions that require early risk identification, optimization of patient conditions, and appropriate fracture management to improve bone healing success.]]>
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