<![CDATA[This research examined the levels of tolerance and moderation among pesantren (Islamic boarding school) students regarding differences in madhhab (schools of thought) and scholarly opinions within fiqh (Islamic jurisprudence), while also analyzing the factors influencing these attitudes. The research was motivated by the urgency of addressing the increasing phenomena of intra-Islamic intolerance and sectarianism related to madhhab differences in Indonesia. Although studies on tolerance in Islamic contexts have generally focused on interfaith relations, research specifically examining intra-Islamic tolerance regarding fiqh schools of thought within pesantren communities remains limited in methodological and empirical aspects. This research employed a quantitative approach using a survey method involving 320 students from Buntet Islamic Boarding School, selected through stratified random sampling. Data were collected using a standardized questionnaire with verified validity and reliability. Data analysis was conducted using descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation analysis, and multiple linear regression. The results showed that 67.2% of students demonstrated high levels of tolerance and moderation. Comparative fiqh literacy (? = 0.412; p < 0.001) emerged as the strongest predictor of cross-madhhab tolerance, followed by the quality of kitab kuning (traditional Islamic texts) instruction (? = 0.318; p < 0.001) and the pesantren social environment (? = 0.241; p < 0.01). The study concluded that comparative fiqh curricula and the tradition of kitab kuning study contributed significantly to shaping students’ tolerance toward madhhab differences. These findings support efforts to strengthen religious moderation within pesantren institutions.]]>
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