<![CDATA[Sol-gel spin coating was used to prepared thin films of SnO₂ doping (1,2 and 5)% of Al on glass substrates, starting with dissolving Tin (II) chloride dehydrate as precursor in ethanol with stabilizing agent (HCl) to prevent hydrolysis and Aluminum nitrate nonahydrate [Al(NO₃)₃·9H₂O] as the dopant source to obtain Al content. The films was deposited by spin coating method which were annealed for an hour at 500 °C to enhance crystallinity. UV-visible spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction (XRD) were used to analyze optical and structural characteristics of the produced films. A single-phase tetragonal rutile structure development with a preferred (110) crystallographic plane orientation was confirmed by XRD film analysis .With Al content increasing, a reduction in crystallite size as well as an increase in lattice strain and dislocation density were observed, suggesting increased structural disorder. The optical assessments revealed a clear red shift in the absorption threshold concurrent with an increase in Al content while a consistent reduction in the optical energy gap from 3.98 eV for pure SnO₂ film to 3.89, 3.66, and 3.52 eV with increasing Al content. The results show a strong a connection between structural and optical properties by synchronous decrease in crystallite size and optical band gap.]]>
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