<![CDATA[Background: Digital tools can make participation easier to access, but participation builds trust only when institutions respond in ways citizens can see and understand. An online form that disappears into an opaque process may increase frustration rather than legitimacy. Aims: This article examines the mechanisms that connect the topic to organizational or policy performance and identifies the conditions that make those mechanisms stronger or weaker. Research Method: A structured narrative review integrates peer-reviewed research with authoritative policy, statistical, and professional sources, including World Bank (2025); OECD (2024c). Sources are coded by outcome, mechanism, boundary condition, and practical implication. Results and Conclusion: The synthesis indicates that outcomes are heterogeneous. More participation is not automatically better governance. Digital channels can amplify organized minorities, misinformation and harassment, while excluding citizens with limited connectivity or confidence. Six recurring themes show that implementation quality, information, capability, and institutional context frequently matter as much as the headline policy or technology. Contribution: The article offers an evidence-based framework for public institutions and citizens that translates the literature into decision principles without claiming primary data that were not collected.]]>
Copyrights © 2026
