<![CDATA[Conventional irrigation often triggers water waste or crop failure due to inaccurate manual scheduling. This study aims to design, implement, and evaluate a web-based smart irrigation system prototype to optimize water management using Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN). The methodology utilizes a star topology with two YL-69 sensor nodes transmitting data via the ESP-NOW communication protocol directly to an ESP32 Gateway integrated with a Laravel website. The calibration procedure was strictly conducted through 30 independent reading repetitions for each soil variant sample. Experimental results show high accuracy with a Mean Absolute Percentage Error (MAPE) of 1.58% and a minimum error of 0.04% in extreme water-saturated conditions. The hardware system successfully controls a 12V solenoid valve based on an inverted active-low threshold control algorithm of < 40%. The Laravel platform achieves real-time telemetry synchronization without data lag, supported by network performance with a Packet Delivery Ratio (PDR) above 99% and stable latency between 242–252 ms. In conclusion, this system provides an efficient, fail-safe, and automated remote monitoring solution to support precision farming.]]>
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