<![CDATA[It analyzes how financial measures like DER and ITO influence the profitability indicator Return on Assets (ROA). Food and beverage companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX) face manufacturing cost pressure and profitability fluctuations in 2020–2024. This causal quantitative study uses Indonesia Stock Exchange annual financial records. Purposive sampling generated 22 businesses and 110 observations. Data were processed using descriptive statistics, classical assumption tests, and multiple linear regression in SPSS 24. The hypothesis using partial t-tests and simultaneous F-tests. The incomplete data show that DER is significantly unfavorable on ROA, suggesting that increased leverage may reduce profitability owing to financial obligations. The beneficial but modest impact of ITO on ROA suggests that changes in inventory turnover were not proven to be a major determinant of profitability during the study period. Simultaneously, DER and ITO had a significant effect on ROA. This study has limitations because it only used DER and ITO as explanatory variables for profitability, measured by ROA, so other financial factors that could potentially influence company performance have not been fully accommodated. The observation period was 2020–2024, and only Indonesian food & beverage enterprises were studied. Therefore, the results have limitations in describing long-term conditions and in terms of generalization to other sectors and countries.]]>
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