<![CDATA[Indonesia possesses an ambitious legal framework for environmental health and climate action, underpinned by its constitutional mandate and international commitments. Nevertheless, a significant implementation gap persists within the healthcare sector, a major contributor to national emissions. Employing a normative-empirical legal analysis, this study investigates the disconnect between national sustainability policies and their execution at the sub-national level. Our key contribution is to expose a critical legal blind spot: the healthcare sector is not explicitly regulated as a mitigation sector in Indonesia’s Enhanced NDC, despite its measurable emission footprint. Our findings indicate that the absence of sector-specific emission standards critically impedes progress, compounded by inadequate financial incentives for renewable energy and inconsistent enforcement of medical waste regulations. These regulatory failures not only jeopardize Indonesia’s climate commitments under the Paris Agreement but also compromise the constitutional right to a healthy environment. Consequently, this article goes beyond identifying the gap by proposing a novel sector-based legal framework: binding emission limits for health facilities combined with targeted green finance instruments. Such a framework is crucial to bridge the policy-implementation gap and to steer Indonesia’s healthcare sector toward a genuinely enforceable, constitutionally grounded, low-carbon future.]]>
Copyrights © 2026
