<![CDATA[Craniofacial growth is a complex biological phenomenon governed by genetic blueprints but significantly modulated by environmental factors. With global malocclusion prevalence reaching 56 percent, sole reliance on genetic explanations is insufficient. The interaction between genetics and external determinants, particularly living conditions and lifestyle, plays a pivotal role in shaping orofacial architecture and stomatognathic health. This literature review aims to synthesize contemporary evidence regarding the impact of environmental determinants on craniofacial morphology. It seeks to elucidate the mechanistic pathways, specifically nutritional intake and functional habits, through which external factors alter genetic expressions and contribute to developmental anomalies. Discussion: Findings indicate that socioeconomic status and physical living conditions fundamentally influence orofacial maturation. Nutritional deficiencies correlate with dimensional deficits, while soft modern diets reduce masticatory stimulation. Furthermore, poor air quality triggers habitual mouth breathing. This respiratory adaptation results in "adenoid facies," characterized by maxillary constriction and vertical facial elongation, as evidenced by skeletal comparisons showing distinct morphological shifts between pre-industrial and modern populations. The interplay of genetics and environment dynamically governs craniofacial development. Understanding the etiology of malocclusion requires acknowledging environmental stressors as decisive factors. Effective management demands integrating clinical intervention with public health strategies addressing root environmental causes.]]>
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