<![CDATA[Rapid urban expansion in peri-urban areas of Indonesia requires reliable and up-to-date spatial information to support sustainable planning. This study evaluates the use of the Normalized Difference Built-up Index (NDBI) derived from Sentinel-2 multispectral imagery to identify settlement growth and density in Sukarame District, South Lampung. Sentinel-2 Level-2A imagery acquired in 2018, 2021, and 2024 was processed using standardized atmospheric-corrected surface reflectance data. NDBI values were calculated from the shortwave infrared and near-infrared bands and classified into settlement density classes. The results show a consistent increase in built-up areas, particularly in zones adjacent to main transportation corridors and educational facilities. Temporal analysis indicates a clear spatial pattern of urban densification between 2018 and 2024, with medium- to high-density settlements expanding significantly. The findings demonstrate that Sentinel-2-based NDBI is effective for monitoring settlement dynamics at the district scale and can serve as a cost-efficient tool to support urban planning and land-use management.]]>
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