<![CDATA[Climate change increasingly threatens agricultural productivity, resource sustainability, and food security through rising temperatures, erratic rainfall, droughts, floods, soil degradation, and pest outbreaks. This study analyzes the impacts of climate change on agriculture, evaluates climate-smart agriculture solutions, and identifies barriers affecting their adoption. A qualitative literature review was employed by synthesizing peer-reviewed studies on climate impacts, CSA practices, agricultural resilience, and adoption constraints across diverse regional contexts. The literature was analyzed through qualitative content analysis, thematic coding, comparison, and narrative synthesis. The findings show that CSA practices, including conservation agriculture, precision irrigation, crop rotation, agroforestry, integrated farming, and digital technologies, can improve yields, profitability, soil health, water-use efficiency, carbon sequestration, and climate resilience. However, adoption remains uneven because of high initial costs, limited credit, insufficient extension services, insecure land tenure, weak digital infrastructure, market uncertainty, gender disparities, and policy implementation gaps. The discussion indicates that technical effectiveness alone is insufficient to ensure widespread adoption because farmer decisions are shaped by interconnected socioeconomic and institutional conditions. The study concludes that scaling CSA requires context-specific integration of accessible finance, secure land rights, capacity building, inclusive technologies, market support, and stronger institutional coordination to sustainably strengthen agricultural resilience and long-term global food security.]]>
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