<![CDATA[Overcrowding and limited staffing are persistent problems in Indonesian correctional facilities and are widely assumed to weaken inmate rehabilitation programs. This study examined the effects of inmate overcapacity, officer shortages, job satisfaction, and human resource development (HRD) on inmate rehabilitation performance at the Class IIA Correctional Institution of Sumbawa. A quantitative explanatory design was used. Data were collected from correctional officers through a structured five-point Likert questionnaire and analyzed with partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) in SmartPLS 4. HRD had the dominant path toward rehabilitation performance (path coefficient = 1.000), whereas inmate overcapacity (0.001) and job satisfaction (0.000) showed negligible paths. Officer shortages had a negative path toward HRD (-0.123). Convergent validity and reliability criteria were met, but discriminant validity was not established because the Fornell-Larcker and HTMT results were degenerate, which points to overlapping constructs or weaknesses in the measurement design. The findings suggest that strengthening officer competence through continuous training and career development should be the first priority for improving rehabilitation performance. The measurement model should be refined and tested on a broader sample before the results are generalized.]]>
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