<![CDATA[Ultraviolet (UV) exposure is a major environmental stressor that can trigger erythema, edema, premature skin aging, hyperpigmentation, and an elevated risk of skin cancer. Plant-derived photoprotective agents are therefore being explored as alternatives for topical UV protection. Red betel leaf (Piper crocatum L.) contains flavonoids, alkaloids, tannins, saponins, and essential oils that may contribute to photoprotective activity. This study formulated red betel leaf extract into a sunscreen gel, assessed its physical characteristics, determined its Sun Protection Factor (SPF) in vitro, and evaluated its protective effect in vivo. The work comprised ethanol maceration, phytochemical screening, preparation of Carbopol 940 gels containing 0.05%, 0.10%, and 0.15% extract, physical-quality testing, UV-Vis spectrophotometric measurement at 290-320 nm, and in vivo assessment in male mice (Mus musculus) based on erythema and edema after UV exposure. Alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, saponins, and essential oils were detected in the extract. All formulations complied with the tested physical-quality criteria, with viscosities of 11,560-20,640 cPs, pH values of 5-6, and spreadability of 5.2-7 cm. The in vitro calculation produced its highest value, 4.36, in Formula 3 (0.15%) at 800 ppm. In the animal test, the gel reduced the development of erythema and edema following UV exposure. These findings indicate that red betel leaf extract can be incorporated into a physically acceptable gel and has potential as a natural photoprotective ingredient, although its in vitro protection still requires further optimization.]]>
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