Buletin Ilmiah Sarjana Teknik Elektro
Vol. 8 No. 5 (2026): October

Hybrid Temporal–Spatial Electroencephalographic Classification Using Principal Component Analysis and Ensemble Learning: Epilepsy, Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder, and Schizophrenia

Dawood S. Hasan (University of Babylon)
Qais Al-Gayem (University of Babylon)
Hilal Al-Libawy (University of Babylon)



Article Info

Publish Date
07 Oct 2026

Abstract

Electroencephalography (EEG) allows noninvasive access to temporal brain activity; however, many EEG classifiers are tailored to a single dataset or disorder and are not easily compared across heterogeneous recording settings. A gap that this study fills is the evaluation of a fixed hybrid temporal–spatial EEG representation pipeline with an identical processing flow on public datasets for epilepsy, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and schizophrenia. Each window passes through a one-dimensional temporal branch and a two-dimensional spatial branch. Their outputs are projected and concatenated into a 256-dimensional fused vector, then standardized and reduced to 64 components by principal component analysis (PCA) fitted only on the training data. The six post-fusion classifiers were tested under dataset-specific validation protocols, with experiment-specific blending applied where applicable, without using held-out test data for scaling, PCA fitting, model selection, threshold adjustment, or blending. Subject-wise ADHD classification achieved around 98.62% accuracy and approximately 98.60% macro-F1. Under 28-fold leave-one-subject-out evaluation, schizophrenia classification yielded an aggregated segment-level accuracy of 96.28% and a fold-averaged macro-F1 score of 73.92%. The selected intra-subject CHB-MIT chb02 experiment attained a seizure-class F1 of 92.31%. The internal four-class experiment was considered exploratory feature-space analysis rather than evidence of dataset-independent clinical diagnosis, as the classes were drawn from disparate datasets and acquisition conditions. The results provide a consistent engineering baseline across the investigated protocols and may inform future EEG decision-support studies, although broader clinical interpretation requires harmonized cohorts, broader multi-subject evaluation, and external validation.

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Journal Info

Abbrev

biste

Publisher

Subject

Electrical & Electronics Engineering

Description

Buletin Ilmiah Sarjana Teknik Elektro (BISTE) adalah jurnal terbuka dan merupakan jurnal nasional yang dikelola oleh Program Studi Teknik Elektro, Fakultas Teknologi Industri, Universitas Ahmad Dahlan. BISTE merupakan Jurnal yang diperuntukkan untuk mahasiswa sarjana Teknik Elektro. Ruang lingkup ...