<![CDATA[This study investigated the effect of the TiO₂/ZnO ratio on the functional groups, crystalline phases, and morphology of TiO₂/ZnO–HAp composites derived from blood cockle shell waste, Anadara granosa. Hydroxyapatite (HAp) was synthesized from blood cockle shells by a precipitation method and subsequently combined with TiO₂ and ZnO at TiO₂:ZnO:HAp mass ratios of 1:2:1 (Sample A) and 2:1:1 (Sample B). The composites were characterized by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The FTIR results indicated the presence of O–H and PO₄³⁻ groups characteristic of HAp, together with metal–oxygen vibrational bands in both samples. XRD analysis showed that Sample A consisted of 40.4% zincite (ZnO), 38.5% HAp, and 21.1% anatase (TiO₂), whereas Sample B consisted of 53.2% anatase, 23.5% HAp, and 23.3% zincite. SEM analysis showed that Sample A formed relatively regular aggregates ranging from 1.5–5.0 µm, with an average size of 2.85 ± 0.72 µm, whereas Sample B exhibited more irregular aggregates ranging from 2.0–12.0 µm, with an average size of 5.42 ± 1.85 µm. These results indicate that variation in the TiO₂/ZnO ratio was associated with differences in the crystalline-phase distribution and morphology of the TiO₂/ZnO–HAp composites, with the increased TiO₂ proportion in Sample B was accompanied by a higher relative contribution of the anatase phase.]]>
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