<![CDATA[Tax avoidance practices remain a significant concern because they may reduce state revenue and reflect managerial efforts to minimize tax obligations through the utilization of regulatory loopholes. Manufacturing companies, particularly the food and beverage sub-sector, represent an important sector in Indonesia but are also vulnerable to tax avoidance behavior due to complex operational activities and financial decision-making. This study aims to analyze the effects of sales growth, earnings management, and leverage on tax avoidance, as well as examine the moderating role of institutional ownership in these relationships. The study employed a quantitative approach using panel data from 12 food and beverage manufacturing companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX) during the 2018–2024 period, resulting in 84 observations. Data were analyzed using panel data regression with the Random Effect Model and Moderated Regression Analysis (MRA) using EViews 14. The findings indicate that sales growth does not significantly influence tax avoidance, while earnings management and leverage have significant positive effects on tax avoidance. Furthermore, institutional ownership does not significantly moderate the relationship between sales growth or earnings management and tax avoidance; however, it significantly weakens the positive effect of leverage on tax avoidance. This study concludes that leverage and earnings management are important determinants of tax avoidance, while institutional ownership plays a specific monitoring role in controlling tax avoidance associated with debt utilization.]]>
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