<![CDATA[The research presents a geographic study examining ionic levels in both borehole and geothermal spring water across Baleni Village, South Africa, which has active geothermal sites and relies on groundwater for its cultural practices. The study examined how spatial variations in hydrogeochemical properties affect water quality, resource management, and energy production. The study aimed to measure ionic levels while mapping their distribution to create baseline data for hydrochemical research. The study analysed 10 water samples, including 5 borehole and 5 geothermal samples, using Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectrometry (ICP-OES), and applied Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and Ordinary kriging interpolation to create maps of ionic distribution. The study showed that pH levels meet acceptable standards. The study found that electrical conductivity, salinity, and total dissolved solids levels exceeded acceptable limits, particularly in geothermal samples. Sodium emerged as the dominant ion, with higher levels resulting from geothermal processes and water–rock interactions. The geological controls created two separate zones, which showed different levels of ionic enrichment. The study recommends continuous monitoring, along with the implementation of water treatment and additional feasibility assessments, to achieve sustainable utilisation, including potential electrochemical energy generation.]]>
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