<![CDATA[This study examines the effect of green financing and MSME loans on Return on Assets (ROA) among five major Indonesian banks (BCA, BRI, BNI, Bank Mandiri, and Maybank Indonesia) during 2019–2024, using a balanced panel of 30 observations. Unlike prior studies that typically test green financing in isolation or rely on aggregated cross-country ASEAN data, this study contributes novelty by jointly testing green financing and MSME credit as two profitability channels that move in opposite directions, revealing a suppression effect between them that remains largely undocumented in Indonesian banking literature. Multiple linear regression shows that both variables simultaneously affect ROA (F = 30.928; sig. = 0.000; Adjusted R² = 0.674). Partially, green financing has a positive and significant effect (β = 0.013; t = 7.352; sig. = 0.000), while MSME credit has a negative and significant effect (β = -0.001; t = -2.903; sig. = 0.007) once green financing is controlled for, contrasting with its positive zero-order correlation and indicating a classic suppression effect. These findings contribute theoretically by clarifying how two strategic financing instruments can mask one another's effects when analyzed separately, and practically by underscoring the importance of expanding green financing as a profitability driver alongside an urgent need for more selective, quality-based MSME credit risk management rather than volume-driven expansion.]]>
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