<![CDATA[Purpose – This study analyses Village Fund utilisation in two contrasting cases in Jeneponto Regency and develops a provisional people-centred empowerment framework, treating geography as one contextual condition rather than an isolated cause. Design/methodology/approach – A qualitative multiple-case study of Bulo-Bulo and Rumbia used interviews, participant observation, and document review. Analysis combined sensitising concepts, inductive coding, within- and cross-case comparison, and an evidence-traceability matrix. Triangulation, member checking, and an audit trail supported trustworthiness. Findings/Results – Physical, administrative, and short-term activities were more visible than integrated productive-economic strengthening. Because expenditure shares were not calculated, this is a qualitative orientation finding. Economic data were fragmented, participation often procedural, training disconnected from mentoring and markets, and case differences could not be attributed to geography alone. Originality/Value – The study proposes a provisional six-stage framework that distinguishes observed evidence from inferred and prospective components.]]>
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