<![CDATA[Seasonal and oceanographic variability can influence the movement ecology of migratory seabirds by altering environmental conditions along their migration routes. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of seasonal and oceanographic variability on the timing and spatial patterns of Common Tern (Sterna hirundo) migration in Indonesian waters. A quantitative observational approach was applied using satellite tracking to characterize migration timing, duration, movement speed, and spatial routes across different monsoon periods. Migration records were integrated with sea surface temperature, wind speed and direction, and seasonal conditions, followed by temporal, spatial, correlation, and regression analyses. The results showed that migration during the southeast monsoon was characterized by shorter duration, higher movement speed, and more direct routes, whereas the northwest monsoon was associated with longer duration, lower movement speed, and more dispersed trajectories. Sea surface temperature was associated with migration timing, while wind conditions were related to movement performance. The findings indicate that migration patterns reflect interactions between seasonal marine conditions and behavioral flexibility. Long-term integration of satellite tracking and oceanographic monitoring is therefore important for identifying environmentally sensitive migration periods and supporting adaptive conservation of migratory seabirds in Indonesian waters]]>
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