<![CDATA[Conventional household electricity monitoring often lacks granular, real-time insights into individual appliance consumption due to expensive or complex dedicated metering hardware. This study proposes a low-cost IoT-based electricity monitoring architecture specifically optimized for low-to-medium household capacity ranges (450 VA, 900 VA, and 1300 VA). Using an ESP32 DEVKIT V1, ACS712 current sensor, ZMPT101B voltage sensor, I2C LCD, and Telegram Bot, the proposed system provides continuous remote data transmission while effectively capturing transient current anomalies and fluctuating load characteristics under strict hardware budget limits. Experimental evaluations across five typical household appliances (dispenser, refrigerator, rice cooker, fan, and iron) demonstrate the system's operational viability and transient response. While steady-state loads like fans (−9.2% to +9.1% deviation) align closely with theoretical models, highly cyclic and inductive loads highlight the necessity of high-frequency sampling and extended monitoring periods. The system successfully delivers real-time local display and Telegram notification with an average transmission error below 5%, proving to be an accessible, low-cost solution for residential energy management.]]>
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