<![CDATA[Introduction / Research Background: Corporate carbon emission disclosure is a critical mechanism for addressing global warming and demonstrating environmental responsibility, yet voluntary carbon disclosure remains relatively limited among Indonesian firms, with prior literature yielding inconsistent findings regarding its determinants. Objectives: This study aims to investigate the influence of profitability, firm size, foreign diversity, and family ownership on voluntary carbon emission disclosure among manufacturing companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX). Method: Employing a quantitative causality design, secondary data were collected from annual and audited financial reports from 2018 to 2022. Using purposive sampling, 53 manufacturing companies were selected, yielding a total sample of 265 observations (N = 265). Hypotheses were tested using multiple linear regression analysis. Results and Findings: The results indicate that disclosure of carbon emissions is significantly impacted by company size, foreign diversity, and family ownership, while profitability has little effect on this information. Conclusions: Organizational scale, international supervisory diversity, and family governance structures act as primary drivers for corporate environmental transparency in Indonesian manufacturing, whereas financial profitability does not motivate carbon disclosure. These results emphasize the impact of corporate attributes on reporting practices and highlight the potential need for regulatory frameworks to promote sustainability transparency.]]>
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