Preliminary Validation of a Safety Culture Maturity Model for Occupational Health and Safety in the Garment Industry

Irwan Iftadi (Department of Industrial Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Sebelas Maret University, Surakarta, Indonesia)
Bambang Suhardi (Department of Industrial Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Sebelas Maret University, Surakarta, Indonesia)
Eko Pujianto (Department of Industrial Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Sebelas Maret University, Surakarta, Indonesia)
Retno Wulan Damayanti (Department of Industrial Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Sebelas Maret University, Surakarta, Indonesia)

Media Publikasi Promosi Kesehatan Indonesia (MPPKI)
Vol. 9 No. 9 (2026)

Introduction: This study aimed to provide preliminary validation of a second-order Safety Culture Maturity (SCM) measurement model and to propose a conceptual roadmap for future organisation-level maturity assessment in the Indonesian garment industry. The model comprised communication, organisational learning, management commitment, and employee involvement. Methods: A quantitative cross-sectional survey was conducted using an online questionnaire. The initial 20-item instrument underwent expert-based content validation before confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). A total of 178 complete responses were obtained from workers at 10 garment companies belonging to two industry groups in the Surakarta region. A second-order CFA was estimated using maximum likelihood with robust Huber–White standard errors and the Yuan–Bentler scaled test. The questionnaire assessed workers’ perceptions at one point in time; company-level maturity classification was outside the scope of the design. Results: Seventeen items met the content-validity retention threshold. The final 13-item second-order CFA model showed good fit: Yuan–Bentler χ² (60) = 74.8, p = 0.094; SRMR = 0.029; robust RMSEA = 0.046, 95% CI [0.000, 0.076]; robust CFI = 0.989; and robust TLI = 0.986. Standardised first-order loadings ranged from 0.768 to 0.908, and standardised second-order loadings ranged from 0.930 to 0.997. Cronbach’s α ranged from 0.836 to 0.920, and AVE ranged from 0.641 to 0.747. One within-construct residual covariance between safety planning and safety budgeting was retained. Six salient indicators, interpreted alongside prior maturity-model literature, informed a four-stage conceptual roadmap for developing future organisation-level maturity criteria. Conclusion: The findings provide preliminary empirical support for a four-dimensional, perception-based SCM measurement model in the present sample. The model offers an empirical foundation for developing stage-specific organisation-level maturity criteria, and the conceptual roadmap defines the next phase of cross-company, longitudinal, and predictive validation.