<![CDATA[This study investigated the effect of the amount of epoxidized fatty-acid base oil derived from crude palm oil (CPO) on the physical characteristics and corrosion protection performance of biogrease. The base oil was produced through CPO hydrolysis followed by in situ epoxidation using hydrogen peroxide and acetic acid. The biogrease was formulated using calcium complex soap as thickener and calcium carbonate (CaCO) and hydroxyapatite (HA) as additives. The epoxy base-oil amounts were 100, 125, 150, 175, and 200 g, while the thickener and additives were kept constant. Characterization included melting point, visual color, corrosion rate after immersion in 3% NaCl for 216 h, and surface roughness after 3, 6, and 9 days. The melting point decreased gradually from 80.05 to 79.80 C as the base-oil amount increased. Corrosion rate increased from 7.621 to 24.693 mpy, whereas commercial grease showed 2.667 mpy and the unlubricated specimen reached 31.400 mpy. Surface roughness increased with immersion time, but all biogrease-coated specimens remained considerably smoother than the unlubricated specimen. V1 containing 100 g epoxy base oil provided the best overall balance, with a melting point of 80.05 C, a corrosion rate of 7.621 mpy, and surface roughness values of 0.341, 0.459, and 0.490 µm at 3, 6, and 9 days, respectively. The results indicate that excessive base-oil addition relative to the fixed thickener content weakens the grease network and reduces protective performance.]]>
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