<![CDATA[Indonesia generates large amounts of agricultural biomass that are often discarded or burned, causing environmental problems and wasting potential resources. Activated carbon production offers an attractive valorization route but commonly relies on strong synthetic activators such as KOH, which are corrosive and environmentally burdensome. This work investigates green-chemistry-based natural activators—lime (Citrus aurantiifolia), lemon (Citrus limon), apple cider vinegar, and persimmon vinegar—as sustainable alternatives to synthetic activators for producing activated carbon from Dimocarpus longan wood. Longan wood was carbonized in a closed drum, chemically activated by immersion in each activator for 24 h, washed to neutral pH, oven-dried, and characterized by FTIR, XRD, and SEM-EDX. FTIR spectra indicated abundant surface O–H, C?C, C=C, C=O, and C–O functional groups for naturally activated carbons, enhancing surface polarity. XRD patterns confirmed predominantly amorphous carbon with relatively weak mineral peaks. SEM-EDX analysis showed that persimmon vinegar produces well-opened pores and high carbon purity (?83 wt.% C) with minimal residual inorganic elements. Overall, persimmon vinegar emerges as a highly effective and environmentally benign natural activator, demonstrating a sustainable approach for converting longan wood waste into high-performance adsorbents.]]>
Copyrights © 2026
