Journal of Business, Social and Technology
Vol. 7 No. 4 (2026): Journal of Business, Social and Technology

Tarsius Image-Source Classification Using VGG Feature Extraction and Machine Learning Classifiers

Caecilia Eva Martina Korompis (Universitas Airlangga)
Imam Yuadi (Universitas Airlangga)



Article Info

Publish Date
21 Sep 2026

Abstract

Background: Reliable classification of heterogeneous Tarsius imagery is relevant to digital wildlife-data management, yet real photographs and AI-generated images may share visual characteristics that complicate automated separation. Objective: This study compares VGG-16, VGG-19, and InceptionV3 feature extraction combined with Logistic Regression and Neural Network classifiers for real, cartoon-style, and AI-generated Tarsius images. Methods: A balanced dataset of 300 web-sourced images (100 per category) was processed in Orange Data Mining. Performance was evaluated using AUC, classification accuracy (CA), F1-score, precision, recall, Matthews Correlation Coefficient (MCC), confusion matrices, Multidimensional Scaling (MDS), and silhouette plots. Results: Logistic Regression with VGG-19 produced the strongest reported combination (AUC = 0.997, CA = 0.967, F1 = 0.967, precision = 0.968, recall = 0.967, and MCC = 0.950), closely followed by VGG-16 with Logistic Regression. Cartoon-style images were generally the most distinguishable, whereas real and AI-generated images showed the greatest overlap. InceptionV3 produced clearer two-dimensional MDS separation but lower aggregate predictive performance than the VGG-based Logistic Regression configurations. Conclusion: VGG-19 with Logistic Regression provides the most balanced performance for the available dataset. The findings demonstrate that predictive metrics and feature-space visualizations should be interpreted jointly and remain limited by the small, web-sourced dataset and incomplete provenance records.

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Journal Info

Abbrev

jbt

Publisher

Subject

Economics, Econometrics & Finance Industrial & Manufacturing Engineering Social Sciences

Description

This journal publishes research articles covering all aspects of information technology, information systems, agricultural technology, computer social and political sciences, and economics that belong to the business, social, and technological ...