<![CDATA[This study aims to empirically examine the effect of Environmental, Social, Governance (ESG) disclosure and Research & Development (R&D) on financial performance, with firm size as a moderating variable in public technology sector companies in the ASEAN region during the 2021-2023 observation period. The sampling method used in this study was purposive sampling, which obtained a total final sample of 186 observations. The data analysis technique used was statistical testing with Moderated Regression Analysis (MRA) using IBM SPSS 27 software. The results of partial hypothesis testing showed that ESG disclosure does not have a significant effect on financial performance, which is proxied by Return on Assets (ROA). Meanwhile, R&D intensity is proven to have a significant negative effect on the company's financial performance in the current year. The interaction test results indicate that firm size is not able to moderate the effect of ESG disclosure on financial performance. However, firm size is proven to significantly and positively moderate the effect of R&D on financial performance, where large asset capacity in economies of scale is able to mitigate and reverse the effect of research expenses that cut profits into a positive contribution to company profitability. Consequently, these findings imply that larger technology firms possess better structural capability to commercialize technological advancements effectively.]]>
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