<![CDATA[This study examines the partial effects of e-commerce and digital payment adoption on perceived income among Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) in Manado City, Indonesia, within the framework of the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM). Primary data were collected from a purposive sample of 100 MSME owners who had adopted both technologies, using a five-point Likert questionnaire, and analyzed through multiple linear regression. The results show that e-commerce has a positive but statistically insignificant partial effect on perceived MSME income, whereas digital payment has a positive and significant partial effect. Jointly, the two predictors explain only a modest share of the variance in perceived MSME income, indicating that most of the variation is driven by factors outside the model. These contrasting results suggest that, in a digitally low-readiness eastern-Indonesian setting, perceived usefulness and ease of use translate into income gains more readily for a transactionally self-contained technology such as digital payment than for a capability-dependent technology such as e-commerce, refining the boundary conditions of the Technology Acceptance Model for MSME digitalization research. Practical implications for strengthening MSME digital adoption in secondary Indonesian cities are discussed.]]>
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