<![CDATA[Energy transition and the strengthening of the circular economy are accelerating the utilization of biomass and waste as energy sources and feedstocks for low-carbon liquid fuels. However, the implementation of thermochemical conversion processes (combustion, pyrolysis, gasification) remains constrained by feedstock heterogeneity, the complexity of bed and freeboard phenomena, tar and particulate formation in syngas, ash–slagging–corrosion issues, and uncertainties in catalyst performance during downstream processes. This review presents a critical synthesis of literature from 2020–2026 provided in two data packages (a collection of recent abstracts and a structured reference database), focusing on the integration of multiscale modeling, process intensification, and digitalization to produce clean syngas, hydrogen, and liquid fuels (including SAF and e-fuels). First, we map advances in devolatilization/pyrolysis modeling, fixed-bed/grate CFD, DEM–CFD approaches, and data-driven operational optimization to reduce NOx emissions and improve efficiency in boilers, furnaces, and MSW incinerators. Second, we discuss syngas cleaning technologies and tar upgrading (in-situ, ex-situ, plasma-catalysis), membrane-reactor-based intensification strategies (SiC/ceramic) that integrate tar reforming and particulate retention, as well as the development of Fe–K biochar catalysts for tar and NH₃ reduction. Third, we review syngas conversion pathways to liquid fuels (Fischer–Tropsch, olefin-to-oligomerization, bio-aromatics) and e-fuels (SOEC, Power-to-X), including gas purity requirements, catalyst deactivation mechanisms (water, NH₃, phosphorus), and techno-economic implications. Finally, we propose a research agenda toward end-to-end digital twin systems and fouling-/poisoning-resistant process intensification, accompanied by recommendations for performance metrics that link feedstock quality, reactor operation, gas conditioning, product output, cost, and environmental impacts.]]>
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