<![CDATA[Efforts to reduce dependence on fossil fuels have encouraged the utilization of bioethanol, particularly second-generation bioethanol derived from lignocellulosic biomass. This type of biomass contains cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin, with Kepok banana peel serving as one of its promising raw materials. The pretreatment stage was carried out through chemical delignification by soaking banana-peel flour in a 10% NaOH solution (1:6 b/v) for 12 hours. Subsequently, the lignocellulosic characteristics were analyzed using the Chesson–Datta method. This alkaline treatment effectively reduced lignin content by 36.6%, decreased hemicellulose by 11.1%, and increased cellulose up to 62.8%. The next process involved hydrolysis using 2 M HCl, which produced a hydrolysate with a sugar concentration of 13.5°. Fermentation was conducted for three days using baker’s yeast (1.4%), urea (1%), and varying concentrations of NPK (0.6%, 0.8%, and 1.0%) with a substrate volume of 150 mL, followed by distillation until no further droplets were produced. The 0.8% NPK concentration yielded the most optimal fermentation performance, producing 6.5% bioethanol, 17 mL of product volume, and a 17% yield. These findings confirm that nutrient supplementation plays a crucial role in enhancing microbial activity during fermentation, while the increase in cellulose after delignification further supports the success of the hydrolysis stage. The combination of appropriate pretreatment, hydrolysis, and nutrient provision demonstrates that Kepok banana peel has strong potential as a sustainable feedstock for second-generation bioethanol production.]]>
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