Tindakan Ekstra Konstitusional Presiden di Indonesia: Legitimasi dan Rekonstruksi Pembatasan: Extra-Constitutional Actions of the Indonesian President: Legitimacy and Reconstruction of Restrictions

Muhammad RM Fayasy Failaq (Fakultas Hukum, Universitas Muhammadiyah Surakarta, Surakarta, Indonesia)

Jurnal Konstitusi
Vol. 23 No. 2 (2026)

Extra-constitutional actions arise from constitutional deadlock and states of emergency. In practice, these actions are accepted despite deviating from constitutional rules and carrying authoritarian tendencies. In Indonesia, although the Constitution has been refined through four amendments, extra-constitutional action remains a threat because of its rigid character, a weak democratic background, and the uncertainty of future emergencies. This legal research, based on a literature review, aims to examine the role of legal, social, and ethical legitimacy in justifying extra-constitutional actions and to formulate an ideal concept for limiting them; the discussion begins with a proper understanding of extra-constitutional actions. The approaches used are statutory and conceptual, with qualitative-prescriptive analysis. The results show that legal legitimacy (constitutional legality) cannot justify extra-constitutional actions because they are inherently deviant and serve merely as a formality for legalizing emergencies. Therefore, the primary role lies in social legitimacy (societal acceptance) and ethical legitimacy (the value of limiting power). Finally, to optimize the role of legitimacy, ideal limitation measures should begin with the determination of a constitutional emergency, implement measures that are closest to constitutional legal action, immediately end the emergency, and, after it ends, immediately evaluate the post-emergency constitution.