<![CDATA[Trademark protection under the contemporary intellectual property regime remains predominantly grounded in a positivistic and registration based approach, providing limited recognition of customary criminal law in safeguarding communal economic interests. This study examines the legal relationship between customary criminal law and positive criminal law in trademark protection in Indonesia, Poland, and South Africa, while proposing a progressive legal reconstruction. Employing normative legal research with comparative and conceptual approaches, this study analyzes legislation, international instruments, legal doctrines, and scholarly literature. The findings demonstrate three distinct legal models, namely complementary conditional, constitutionally fragmented, and exclusionary monistic. Based on Progressive Legal Theory, this study proposes integrating customary criminal law into trademark protection through restorative mechanisms, recognition of communal ownership, and institutional legal reform to achieve substantive justice while maintaining legal certainty]]>
Copyrights © 2026
