<![CDATA[The increasing reliance on imprisonment has raised concerns regarding prison overcrowding, the limited effectiveness of short-term incarceration, and the need to strengthen human rights and rehabilitation within criminal justice systems. This study examines the philosophical foundations of sentencing and judicial discretion, the development of alternative sanctions and the double track system, and the objectives of punishment from national and international perspectives. Employing a doctrinal legal method with statutory and conceptual approaches, the study analyzes primary and secondary legal materials through qualitative legal analysis. The findings indicate a shift toward a more balanced sentencing framework that integrates rehabilitation, social reintegration, restorative justice, proportionality, and social protection. Non-custodial measures, including fines, supervision, community service, rehabilitation, and restorative justice, provide mechanisms for reducing unnecessary reliance on imprisonment while maintaining offender accountability. International standards, particularly the Tokyo Rules, reinforce the principle of individualized and proportionate use of non-custodial measures. The study argues that effective sentencing reform requires not merely expanding alternatives to imprisonment but integrating them within a coherent philosophy of punishment, judicial discretion, institutional capacity, and human dignity.]]>
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