Journal of Electronics, Electromedical Engineering, and Medical Informatics
Vol 8 No 4 (2026): October

Subject-Level Aggregated Wavelet Packet Energy-Variance Features for EEG-Based Autism Spectrum Disorder Classification

Zaky Naufal (Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Syiah Kuala, Jalan Teuku Nyak Arief Darussalam, Banda Aceh 23111, Indonesia)
Melinda Melinda (Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh, Indonesia)
Siti Rusdiana (Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh 23111, Indonesia)
Yunidar Yunidar (Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Syiah Kuala, Jalan Teuku Nyak Arief Darussalam, Banda Aceh 23111, Indonesia)
Aufa Rafiki (Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Syiah Kuala, Jalan Teuku Nyak Arief Darussalam, Banda Aceh 23111, Indonesia)
Lola Vivita (Banda Aceh City Regional Development Planning Agency, Banda Aceh 23243, Indonesia)



Article Info

Publish Date
30 Oct 2026

Abstract

This study addresses a key clinical challenge in EEG-based autism spectrum disorder (ASD) diagnosis: most prior work reports accuracy at the window level, whereas the clinical diagnostic unit is the individual subject, a mismatch that can inflate performance estimates. We develop and validate a subject-level EEG feature aggregation framework, combining Wavelet Packet Transform (WPT) energy-variance features, fold-safe ANOVA feature selection, and per-subject aggregation, evaluated under leakage-safe nested leave-one-subject-out (LOSO) cross-validation. Sixteen-channel EEG was recorded from 16 participants (8 ASD, 8 neurotypical) in Banda Aceh, Indonesia, using a single OpenBCI Cyton board with a Daisy module for native simultaneous 16-channel acquisition, preprocessed with Infomax ICA artifact removal, and classified using Logistic Regression. The framework achieved a nested LOSO balanced accuracy of 93.75% (F1 = 0.9412); because this estimate derives from only 16 subjects, the repeated subject-pair evaluation (balanced accuracy 0.9525 ± 0.0529, AUC 0.9897 ± 0.0163, permutation p = 0.0196) is treated as the primary robustness indicator. A learning-curve analysis indicated that performance approaches, but has not fully reached, a plateau at this cohort size. Sensitivity analyses across nine window/overlap configurations and six wavelets, selected within the nested cross-validation, confirmed the result was not selection-dependent. A controlled ablation indicated Infomax ICA outperformed MSICA-DWT (Wilcoxon p < 0.001), though a participant-level bootstrap interval was wide and included zero, reflecting the limited power of the 16-subject cohort. Overall, these results demonstrate the methodological feasibility of subject-level WPT energy-variance aggregation for leakage-safe ASD screening research rather than diagnostic readiness, and external multicenter validation on larger, demographically characterized cohorts is required before any clinical use.

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Journal Info

Abbrev

jeeemi

Publisher

Subject

Computer Science & IT Control & Systems Engineering Electrical & Electronics Engineering Engineering

Description

The Journal of Electronics, Electromedical Engineering, and Medical Informatics (JEEEMI) is a peer-reviewed open-access journal. The journal invites scientists and engineers throughout the world to exchange and disseminate theoretical and practice-oriented topics which covers three (3) majors areas ...