Kepastian Hukum Pelaksanaan Otomatis (Self-Executing) Smart Contract terhadap Wanprestasi dan Cacat Kehendak menurut KUHPerdata

Bunga Cinta Mulia (Fakultas Hukum, Universitas Pamulang)
Hanny Budiardjo (Fakultas Hukum, Universitas Pamulang)
Kartini K. Thalib (Fakultas Hukum, Universitas Pamulang)
Na’ilah Tri Safarah (Fakultas Hukum, Universitas Pamulang)

Jurnal Hukum dan Pendidikan Kewarganegaraan
Vol. 3 No. 1 (2026): Oktober - Desember

Self-executing smart contracts move the enforcement of an agreement from judicial assessment after breach to immediate execution by code. This challenges the Indonesian Civil Code (KUHPerdata), which assigns judges the task of assessing default (Articles 1243, 1266) and testing the quality of consent (Articles 1321–1328). This normative juridical study analyses the extent to which the Civil Code provides legal certainty for self-executing smart contracts, focusing on default-risk mitigation and the validity of consent allegedly affected by mistake, duress, or fraud. Using statutory, conceptual, and comparative approaches, the study finds that the Code offers certainty at the normative level but is weak at the remedial level, because of an asymmetry between easy proof (blockchain records) and difficult restitution (immutability). The study contributes a two-dimensional concept of legal certainty and a two-layer mitigation model (pre-execution and post-execution).