<![CDATA[Coal mining operations are among the major contributors to industrial greenhouse gas emissions, yet empirical studies examining the determinants of carbon emissions and emission intensity at the firm level in Indonesia remain scarce. This study aims to identify the factors influencing carbon emissions and emission intensity through a case study of PT Atlas Resources Tbk. This study adopts a descriptive-comparative case study design based on quantitative content analysis of PT Atlas Resources Tbk’s annual and sustainability reports for 2023–2024, supplemented by literature-based estimates of energy consumption and carbon emissions. The findings show that the company’s carbon emissions increased sharply throughout the study period, primarily driven by production expansion and a high dependence on fossil fuels. This escalation was accompanied by improvements in energy efficiency or reductions in emission intensity. Weaknesses in governance mechanisms, limited transparency in sustainability reporting, and the absence of a systematic mitigation strategy further exacerbated emission intensity. These results highlight the urgency of strengthening energy governance, implementing efficiency programs, and adopting low-carbon technologies to enhance the environmental performance of coal mining firms. The study provides relevant evidence for policymakers, practitioners, and scholars in understanding emission dynamics within Indonesia’s extractive sector and offers recommendations for more effective carbon management.]]>
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