<![CDATA[The shift toward Construction 5.0 is driving the construction sector to adopt the concept of Smart Construction. However, adoption in the Gerbangkertosusila (GKS) Metropolitan Area remains limited by structural barriers that have not been systematically ranked in previous studies. This study identifies and prioritizes the main inhibiting factors—Cost (X1), Labor (X2), and Government (X3)—using the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP). Primary data were collected through purposive sampling based on specific criteria, using pairwise comparison questionnaires from 61 expert respondents from small, medium, and large construction companies in Gresik, Bangkalan, Mojokerto, Surabaya, Sidoarjo, and Lamongan. The consistency ratios across all criteria (CR < 0.10) confirm the consistency of the respondents' judgments, indicating that the judgments are consistent enough to be processed. The results show that the Labor factor ranks first as the main barrier (weight 0.434/43.4%), driven mainly by Resistance to Change/Old Work Habits (X2.2) (weight 0.164), followed by Cost (0.331/33.1%) and Labor (0.235/23.5%). This study provides empirical evidence and a prioritized barrier framework specific to the Gerbangkertosusila Metropolitan Area, offering practical guidance for policymakers to focus on labor in order to strengthen human resource capacity, which can allocate resources more strategically in accelerating the adoption of Smart Construction.]]>
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