<![CDATA[Gender-based development requires achieving equality in development outcomes between men and women. Although Indonesia's Human Development Index (HDI) showed a steady upward trend during the 2020–2024 period, the trajectory of the Gender Development Index (GDI) did not follow the same pattern, as women's development outcomes continued to lag behind those of men. This disparity is inextricably linked to the influence of social institutions, such as norms, customs, culture, and formal and informal rules that shape gender relations within society. This study aims to analyze the evolution of provincial GDI in Indonesia and identify the impact of social institutions on the GDI during the 2020–2024 period. The influence of social institutions on gender development in this study is represented by four dimensions: family code, physical integrity, ownership rights, and civil liberties. The analysis was conducted using a Fixed Effect Model (FEM). The results indicate that early marriage (within the family code dimension), gender-based violence against women (within the physical integrity dimension), and bank account ownership and internet access (within the ownership rightsdimension) have a significant impact on the GDI. Conversely, the child sex ratio, home ownership by female heads of households, and women's parliamentary participation do not have a significant impact on the GDI.]]>
Copyrights © 2026
