<![CDATA[Hydroponics involves cultivating plants without soil, where success depends on maintaining a stable pH level in the nutrient solution for optimal growth. At a hydroponic farm in Bangetayu, Semarang, the water pH tends to be high and unstable; currently, management relies on manual control, which results in slow response times and prevents remote monitoring. This study presents an Internet of Things (IoT)-based pH monitoring and control system that operates automatically and in real-time. The system utilizes an ESP32 microcontroller, an E-201-C pH sensor, two HC-SR04 ultrasonic sensors, and two peristaltic pumps to dispense "pH-up" and "pH-down" solutions, with data displayed via an I2C LCD and the Blynk application. The research employs a Research and Development (R&D) approach combined with experimental testing. Tests indicate that the pH sensor operates with an average error of 1.89% (98.11% accuracy). In all six trials, the system successfully restored the pH to the optimal range of 5.5–6.5. Testing of the HC-SR04 sensors (conducted five times) revealed an average measurement deviation of −0.30 for the "pH-up" reservoir and −0.14 for the "pH-down" reservoir, and all functional tests performed as designed. While these results demonstrate the system's functionality under the tested conditions, its stability for long-term use has not yet been established.]]>
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