<![CDATA[The audience  has been  central in mass  communication   research  from  the  very beginning.  Initially the audience  was perceived as an undifferentiated  mass,  as a passive  target  for persuasion  and  information,  or as market  of  consumers  of media  products.  Students  of media  effects  soon  came  to recognize  that  actual audiences  are made  up of real social groups  and are characterized  by networks of  interpersonal  relationship  through  which  effects  are  mediated  Audiences can also resist influence  in part because  they  have their own  varied reasons  for choosing    to  attend   to  the  media   message,   or  seeing   it  from  criminal communication    field,  for  the  sake  of  defences  interest  in  a  court  room,  an individual,  or group  of  individuals,  or  to  be  specifically, a defendant,  can give different  meanings  to a preferred  meeninq  constructed  by  media,  in line  with his or  their  own  interest,  particularly  in  the  form  of  an  tdeological  resistance interpretation. ]]>
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