Paratext: Journal of Language and Literature is a peer-reviewed, open-access journal dedicated to exploring the diverse fields of language and literature. The journal publishes original research, critical analyses, and innovative studies focusing on literary works, linguistic phenomena, cultural narratives, and interdisciplinary approaches to the study of language and literature. Paratext is managed by the English Literature Program, Faculty of Humanities, Universitas Sam Ratulangi, Indonesia. It serves as a platform for scholars, researchers, and practitioners to share their insights, promote academic discourse, and contribute to the advancement of knowledge in the humanities. Scope of the Journal Paratext: International Journal of Language and Literature publishes high-quality research and critical studies across a wide range of topics, including but not limited to: Language: Studies on language structures, usage, and functions in various contexts. Literature: Analysis and interpretation of literary works, genres, and movements. Cultural Studies: Exploration of cultural narratives, identities, and their intersections with society. Applied Linguistics: Research on language teaching, learning, and practical applications of linguistic theories. Linguistics: Examination of phonology, morphology, syntax, semantics, and sociolinguistics. Collective Memory: Studies on shared memories and their role in shaping communities and identities. Children’s Literature: Analysis of literary works aimed at young readers and their cultural impact. Oral Tradition: Research on storytelling, folklore, and the preservation of oral narratives. Oral History: Studies on personal and collective accounts of historical events through oral testimonies. British and American Studies: Critical studies on the literature, culture, and history of Britain and America. This broad scope aims to foster interdisciplinary dialogue and contribute to advancements in language, literature, and cultural studies.