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Profil Kromatogram dan Aktivitas Antibakteri Ekstrak Etanol Rimpang Bengle (Zingiber cassumunar Roxb) Terhadap Bakteri Escherichia coli In Vitro Lanjar Raharjoyo; Gunardi Gunardi
MEDIA MEDIKA INDONESIANA 2009:MMI VOLUME 43 ISSUE 4 YEAR 2009
Publisher : MEDIA MEDIKA INDONESIANA

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Chromatogram profile and antibacterial activity of ethanol extract from bengle rhizome (Zingiber cassumunar Roxb.) to Escherichia coli in vitroBackground: Bengle (Zingiber cassumunar roxb.) was a plant which had been used by society since long time ago as a traditional medicine. It was predicted that there were anti-bacteria substances in bengle, so it might substitutes the utilization of conventional antibiotics. The aims of this research was to explore the chromatogram and antibacterial activity etanol extract of Bengle Rhizome against Escherichia coli.Methods: The method of these research were descriptive and experimental study using the post test only control group design. Ethanol extract of Bengle rhizome was made by maceration method with ethanol as solvent. Chromatogram profile was using thin layer chromatography and antibacterial activity against escherichia coli was done using dilution method and than cultured in Mac Conkey agar media.Results: The results showed thad, thin layer chromatography shown 4 spot under UV light 254 nm wave leng with colour, blue violet, blue violet, brown yellow, brown yellow and Rf value 0.21; 0.34; 0.45; 0.55. No bacterial growth at etanol extract of Bengle rhizome 12.5% on Mueller Hinton Broth media, nor at consentration of 25% on Mac Conkey media.Conclusions: The were 4 compounds predictly included of flavonoid, steroid, volatile oil and terpenoid group. Etanol extract of Bengle rhizome had minimum consentration inhibitory 12.5% and minimum bactericide consentration 25% against Escherichia coli.Keywords: Ethanol extract of Bengle rhizome, Escherichia coli, anti-bacteria activity in vitroABSTRAKLatar belakang: Bengle (Zingiber cassumunar Roxb.) adalah tanaman yang sudah lama digunakan di masyarakat sebagai obat tradisional. Dalam tanaman ini diduga terdapat zat anti bakteri sehingga dimungkinkan untuk digunakan sebagai pengganti antibiotika konvensional. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mengetahui profil kromatogram ekstrak rimpang etanol rimpang Bengle dan aktivitasnya terhadap Escherichia coli.Metode: Metode penelitian yang dilakukan adalah penelitian deskriptif dan penelitian eksperimental dengan rancangan post test only control group design. Ekstraksi rimpang Bengle dilakukan dengan metode maserasi menggunakan pelarut etanol. Untuk mengetahui profil kromatogram dilakukan pemisahan secara kromatografi lapis tipis dan aktivitas terhadap Escherichia coli dilakukan dengan metode pengenceran yang dilanjutkan dengan metode penanaman pada media Mac Conkey.Hasil: Profil kromatogram di bawah UV 254 nm didapatkan 4 bercak berwarna ungu biru, ungu biru, kuning coklat, kuning coklat dengan Rf 0,21; 0,34; 0,45; dan 0,55. Dalam media cair Mueller Hinton Broth pertumbuhan bakteri tidak terlihat pada kadar ekstrak rimpang Bengle 12,5% dan dalam media Mc Conkey pada kadar 25%.Simpulan: Terdapat 4 komponen senyawa dalam ekstrak rimpang bengle yang dapat teramati, diperkirakan golongan flavonoid, steroid, minyak atsiri dan terpenoid. Ekstrak rimpang Bengle mempunyai aktivitas terhadap Escherichia coli dengan kadar hambat minimum 12,5% dan kadar bunuh minimum 25%.

Kadar C-Reaktif Protein Anak Kandung Penderita Dengan dan Tanpa Penyakit Jantung Koroner Juwairiyah Juwairiyah; Lisyani BS; Indranila KS; Imam BW
MEDIA MEDIKA INDONESIANA 2009:MMI VOLUME 43 ISSUE 4 YEAR 2009
Publisher : MEDIA MEDIKA INDONESIANA

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C-reactive protein levels in children of patients with and without coronary heart diseaseBackground: Coronary heart disease (CHD) has become the main cause of death worldwide, with atherosclerosis which is a chronic inflammation as the hiden background. CRP (C-reactive protein), a serum inflammation marker, appear in coronary heart disease. So for, the studies about the relation of CRP and CHD had been conducted, but the condition of the CRP serum level in children of CHD patients still rarely be evaluated. The aims to analyse the means CRP levels in children of patients with or without CHD, and to find the influence of CHD patients to the children’s CRP level after controlled by body mass index and lipid profile.Methods: A cross sectional approach to 20 blood specimens from each group, children of patients with and without CHD. The serum CRP levels means were measured twice in range of 2 weeks, using hs-CRP PETIA technique and analysed with Mann-Whitney test and logistic regression.Results: Median CRP levels in children of CHD parents was 2.15 mg/L, which was different from children without CHD parent (1.48 mg/L which was p=0.001). The proportion of parents with CHD to high CRP level in their own children 87%. Logistic regression analysis shows that parents with CHD was not a determinant to high CRP level (p=0.172; 95% CI=0.487-55.821).Conclusions: The CRP of level of children whose parents have CHD is higher than those with parents without CHD.Keywords: Inflammation, CRP levels, parents with coronary heart disease, inheritedABSTRAKLatar belakang: Penyakit jantung koroner (PJK), penyebab kematian utama di dunia dengan aterosklerosis sebagai penyebab tersembunyi merupakan inflamasi kronik. CRP (C-reactive protein), suatu petanda inflamasi akut didapatkan pada PJK. Penelitian yang menghubungkan CRP dan PJK sudah banyak, tetapi penelitian CRP anak dengan riwayat orang tua PJK masih terbatas. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk menganalisis perbedaan rerata kadar CRP anak kandung penderita dengan dan tanpa PJK serta pengaruh orang tua PJK terhadap kadar CRP anak kandung setelah dikontrol dengan IMT (indeks masa tubuh) dan profil lipid.Metode: Pendekatan belah lintang, masing-masing 20 spesimen darah anak kandung penderita PJK dan tanpa PJK. Diukur rerata kadar CRP pada dua kali pemeriksaan dengan interval dua minggu, menggunakan metoda hs-CRP teknik PETIA dan analisis statistik uji beda Mann-Whitney serta regresi logistik.Hasil: Median kadar CRP anak kandung penderita PJK berbeda dengan anak tanpa orang tua PJK (p=0,001). Proporsi orang tua PJK dengan kadar CRP yang tinggi pada anak kandung 87%. Hasil analisis regresi logistik menunjukkan bahwa orang tua PJK tidak merupakan determinan terhadap kadar CRP yang tinggi pada anak (p=0,172; 95% CI=0,487-55,821) .Simpulan: Kadar CRP anak dengan orang tua PJK lebih tinggi daripada mereka yang orang tua bukan penderita PJK.

Pengaruh Pemberian Jus Jambu Biji (Psidium Guajava L) Terhadap Volume Kaki dan Kadar Ion Nitrit Adjuvant Induced Arthritis Tikus Wistar Wiralis Wiralis; Endang Purwaningsih
MEDIA MEDIKA INDONESIANA 2009:MMI VOLUME 43 ISSUE 4 YEAR 2009
Publisher : MEDIA MEDIKA INDONESIANA

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The effect of Psidium Guajava L juice on nitric ion level and swelling of the joint in adjuvant induced arthritis ratsBackgraund: Nitric oxide increases in adjuvant induced arthritis. It has been associated with the activities of nitrite oxide mediates inflammation and axidant, it is a progressive joint disease. Characterized by swelling of the joint associated with an destruction of bone and cartilage. Jambu biji (Psidium Guajava L) is known to be the source of antioxidant and antiinflamation.Aim: To find out the difference volume joint and nitrite ion in adjuvant induced arthritis rats after administration of jambu biji (Psidium Guajava L) juice.Methods: An experimental study had been done using a randomized post test only control group. Twenty five Wistar rats were divided into 5 group. 2 control groups (K- and K+) and 3 treated groups (jambu biji juice 1 g/day, 2 g/day and 3 g/day). Volume joint to assay mercury placement pletismography Griess was used to assay nitrite ion (activity NO) serum. One Way Anova test and mann Withney test were applied for data analysis.Results: A significant difference in volume joint between the treated groups. A significant different nitrite ion was found among the treated groups (p<0.05), but not between the K+ group and 2 g/day in 3 cc treated group.Conclusions: Jambu biji (Psidium Guajava L) juice shows an effect for volume joint and nitrite ion in consentration in adjuvant induced arthritis.Keyword: Adjuvant arthritis, guajava, NOABSTRAK Latar belakang: Pada adjuvant induced arthritis NO meningkat, aktivitas NO dihubungkan dengan inflamasi dan oksidasi serta perkembangan penyakit. Karakteristik AIA berupa pembengkakan sendi, hingga menyebabkan destruksi tulang dan kartilago. Jambu biji (Psidium Guajava L) mengandung fitonutrien sebagai sumber antioksidan dan antiinflamasi.Tujuan: Mengetahui pengaruh pemberian jus jambu biji terhadap volume kaki dan kadar ion nitrit serum adjuvant induced arthritis tikus wistar.Metode: Studi eksperimen laboratorik menggunakan desain randomized post test only control group pada 25 ekor tikus strain wistar. Sampel terbagi 5 kelompok yaitu kelompok K- (non terapi); kelompok K+ (aspirin); P1 (jus jambu biji 1 gram/hari); P2 (jus jambu biji 2 gram/hari) dan P3 (jus jambu biji 3 gram/hari). Dilakukan pemeriksaan volume kaki dengan mercury placement pletismography dan ion nitrit serum sebagai aktivitas NO dengan metode Griess. One Way Anova test dan Kruskal-Wallis Test denganderajat kemaknaan p<0,05.Hasil: Ada perbedaan kadar volume kaki pada kelompok perlakuan. Ion nitrit pada kelompok perlakuan (p=0,00<0,05), hasil uji LSD diketahui kelompok kontrol (K+) tidak berbeda dengan perlakuan jus jambu biji 2 gram/hari. Ada perbedaan gambaran histopatologik panus pada kelompok perlakuan terhadap kelompok perlakuan aspirin (K+), perlakuan jus jambu biji 1 gram/hari, jus jambu biji 2 gram/hari dan jus jambu biji 3 gram/hari, dibuktikan dengan nilai p=0,011<0,05. Hasil uji Mann-Whitney diketahui tidak ada perbedaan gambaran histopatologik panus terdapat pada kelompok perlakuan terhadap kontrol.Simpulan: Pemberian jus jambu biji berpengaruh terhadap kadar ion nitrit dan gambaran histopatologik panus sendi tikus yang diinduksi dengan CFA.

Penentuan LD50 Penyakit Infeksi Toxoplasma gondii pada Mencit balb/c Winarto Winarto
MEDIA MEDIKA INDONESIANA 2009:MMI VOLUME 43 ISSUE 4 YEAR 2009
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LD50 determination in toxoplasma gondii infection in balb/c miceBackground: LD50 is a marker of virulence which is reflects degree of microorganism pathogenicity. LD50 of every pathogens to be used should be determined in order to choose an appropiate infective dose of agent under the study. Toxoplasma gondii RH strain has been maintained in the laboratory by serial passage in mice for several years, in which the biologic and laboratory conditions might has an effect on its virulence. The objective of this study was to determine LD50 of Toxoplasma gondii RH strain used for research in Biotechnology Laboratory Gajah Mada University.Methods: The design of the study was true experiment consisting three goups of 10 female balb/c mice aged 8–10 weeks that were infected with 101, 103 and 106 of Toxoplasma gondii RH strain/mice respectively, and being followed up to day 18. Homogeneity of mice before infection were analyzed by Levence statistic, while the effects of infection was analyzed by Anova. The number of dead mice in each group were recorded and LD50 was calculated base on proportional distance.Results: There was no weight difference between groups of mice before infection. The weight increased up to day 6 in group I and II, while group III after day 3 there was weight decrease. LD50 of Toxoplasma gondii was 1.39x103 which belonged to genotype II of pathogenicity classification.Conclusions: LD50 of Toxoplasma gondii was 1.39x103 which is lower than the original RH strain, and belonged to group II of genotype, which is often reported as the major cause of human and animal infections.Keywords: LD50, Toxoplasma gondii, balb/c mice, infection. ABSTRAKLatar Belakang: Toxoplasma gondii di laboratorium dipelihara dengan cara pasase dari satu mencit ke mencit berikutnya, yang mungkin berpengaruh terhadap virulensinya. LD50 adalah ukuran virulensi suatu mikroorganisme penyebab infeksi, yang harus diketahui apabila akan melakukan penelitian tentang fenomena infeksi pada binatang coba. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk menentukan besar LD50 Toxoplasma gondii strain RH yang disimpan dan digunakan untuk penelitian di Laboratorium Bioteknologi UGM yang belum pernah ditentukan nilai LD50nya.Metode: Disain penelitian adalah eksperimental murni. Tiga kelompok mencit balb/c usia 6–8 minggu masing-masing kelompok terdiri dari 10 mencit, diinfeksi Toxoplasma gondii strain RH secara berturut-turut tiap kelompok diinfeksi dengan 101, 103 dan 106 toksoplasma/mencit, yang diamati sampai hari ke-18. Sebelum perlakuan ketiga kelompok dilakukan tes homogenitas berat badan mencit dengan statistik Levene. Efek infeksi toksoplasma dianalisis dengan Anova, sedangkan LD50 dihitung berdasarkan jarak proporsi.Hasil: Sebelum diinfeksi Toxoplasma gondii, tidak terdapat perbedaan berat badan mencit pada 3 kelompok. Setelah diinfeksi toksoplasma sampai hari ke-6, berat badan mencit pada kelompok I dan II naik, sedangkan kelompok III pada hari ke-1 sampai hari ke-3 beratnya naik, kemudian setelah hari ke-3 beratnya turun. LD50 Toxoplasma gondii strain RH di PAU Bioteknologi UGM didapatkan sebesar 1,39x103 yang sesuai dengan genotipe II.Simpulan: LD50 Toxoplasma gondii sebesar 1,39x103 lebih rendah dari strain RH yang sebenarnya dan termasuk genotipe II yaitu yang paling sering dilaporkan sebagai penyebab infeksi pada manusia dan binatang.

Studi Komparasi Pemeriksaan MRI 0,5 Tesla Terhadap EEG Skalp dan Evaluasi Hasil Operasi Berdasarkan Kriteria Engel pada Epilepsi Mesial Temporal Sclerosis Nurdopo Baskoro; Hermina Sukmaningtyas; Abubakar Abubakar
MEDIA MEDIKA INDONESIANA 2009:MMI VOLUME 43 ISSUE 4 YEAR 2009
Publisher : MEDIA MEDIKA INDONESIANA

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Comparative study of MRI 0,5 Tesla result with scalp ECG and evaluation of surgery result based on Engel classification among patient with mesial temporal sclerosis epilepsy.Background: Accurate preoperative localization of the epileptic is important in the intraoperative localization of lesion which ultimately will control the postoperative seizures.Purpose: To investigate the association among routine scalp electroencephalographic (EEG), Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) 0.5 Tesla and Surgical outcome using Engel’s criteria in Mesial Temporal Sclerosis (MTS).Methods: This study used is an analitical descriptive study with cross sectional design. Correlation between EEG and MRI was analized using the Kappa and MRI findings with operative outcome was analized using the Spearmann. Forty seven patients with intractable Epilepsy who underwent temporal lobe lobectomy between 2000 and 2007 were the subjects of the study.Results: Routine scalp EEG and MRI findings revealed that the focus were the mostly temporal lobe epileptiform in the right side. Comparing the EEG foci with MRI lesion, the study revealed same location of foci in the right side (42.6% vs 61.7%), in the left side (27.7% vs 27.7%), bilateral (14.9% vs 2.1%) and normal (14.9% vs 8.5%). The correlation of lateralization of foci between EEG findings and MRI lesion is significan. There was association between the MRI 0.5 Tesla findings and operative outcome (r=0.352, p=0.015). All patients after surgery showed I-III Engel’s classification.Conclusions: Result of MRI 0.5 Tesla gives slight agreement with scalp ECG result but is associated with the operation outcome based on Engel classification.Keyword: MTS, EEG, MRI 0.5 T, Engel’s criteriaABSTRAKLatar belakang: Menentukan lokalisasi fokus epilepsi secara akurat sangat membantu dalam melokalisasi lesi intraoperasi yang pada akhirnya dapat mengkontrol serangan kejang pasca operasi.Tujuan: Untuk mencari hubungan antara pemeriksaan rutin elektroensefalografi (EEG) skalp dan MRI 0,5 Tesla dan hasil operasi berdasarkan kriteria Engel pada Mesial Temporal Sclerosis.Metode: Jenis penelitian ini menggunakan studi deskriptif analitik dengan desain Cross Sectional. Hubungan antara EEG dan MRI dilakukan analisis dengan Kappa dan antara temuan MRI dan hasil operasi dilakukan analisis dengan Uji korelasi Spearman. Dievaluasi sebanyak 47 pasien dengan epilepsi intraktabel yang telah dilakukan operasi lobektomi temporal antara tahun 2000- 2007.Hasil: Dari pemeriksaan EEG scalp dan MRI didapatkan fokus epilepsi lobus temporalis lebih banyak di sisi kanan. Perbandingan lokasi fokus berdasarkan EEG dan MRI adalah lokasi yang sama pada sisi kanan (42,6% vs 61,7%), pada sisi kiri (27,7% vs 27,7%), bilateral (14,9% vs 2,1%) dan normal (14,9% vs 8,5%). Lateralisasi fokus antara pemeriksaan EEG dan MRI menunjukkan hubungan yang bermakna. Ada hubungan antara pemeriksaan MRI 0,5 Tesla dan hasil operasi (r=0,352, p=0,015). Pasca operasi,semua pasien termasuk dalam kriteria Engel I-III.Simpulan: MRI 0,5 Tesla menunjukkan kesesuaian yang rendah dengan hasil EEG, namun berkorelasi dengan temuan hasil operasi.

Kadar TNF-, IL-6 dan Trofoblas pada Preeklampsia-Eklampsia Indrato Adi Susian; Suharsono Suharsono; S Hadijono
MEDIA MEDIKA INDONESIANA 2009:MMI VOLUME 43 ISSUE 4 YEAR 2009
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The level of TNF-, IL-6 and trophoblast in preeclampsia-eclampsiaBackground: Pre eclampsia–eclampsia (PE-E) is the highest cause of maternal death. Up to the present time, PE-E is still the disease of theories, where the patofisiology is still unclear. Invitro research reported that increase of TNF–α and IL–6 in PE-E will cause the placenta hypoxia. This condition will trigger the secretion of pro inflammatory cytokine from fetoplacenta which will cause the rejection in trophoblast invasion. The purpose of this study was to analyze the association between the TNF–α and IL–6 rate/expression with infarct and placental tissue apoptosis.Methods: The study was done during the period of July 2005–October 2005. The subjects were 17 parturient non PE-E and 18 parturient PE-E who delivered at Dr. Kariadi Hospital Semarang. The TNF–α and IL–6 rate/expression were measured from the blood sample and placental tissue with ELISA method and imunohystochemical by acidine orange painting. The difference of TNF–α and IL–6 rate/expression with the size of infarct and apoptosis were tested by Mann-Whitney test and the correlation with Spearman test.Results: The mean size of infarct in normal subjects was 12.5% compared to PE-E which was 35.3% (p=0.001). The percentage of apoptosis in normal and PE-E subjects were 32.3% and 71.0% respectively (p=0.001). The mean rate of TNF–α of placenta and blood serum in normal and PE-E subjects were 1.7 pg/mL, 2.0 pg/mL, 2.3 pg/mL and 2.8 pg/mL respectively (P1 and P2 <0.001). The mean placenta and blood serum IL-6 in normal and PE-E subjects were 0.6 pg/mL, 1.3 pg/mL, 1.4 pg/mL, and 2.0 pg/mLrespectively showing significant difference between the two groups. There were strong associations between placenta and serum TNF–α and IL–6 with the size of infarct and percentage of placenta apoptosis.Conclusions: The level of pro inflammatory cytokine in serum as well as in placenta of subjects with PE-E is higher than those without PE-E and there is strong correlation between pro inflammatory cytokine expression in serum and placenta with the size of infarct and placental apoptosis.Keywords: TNF-α, IL-6, infarct, apoptosis, placenta, preeclampsia, eclampsia.ABSTRAKLatar Belakang: Preeklampsia-Eklampsia (PE-E) merupakan penyebab kematian maternal paling tinggi. Sampai saat ini PE-E masih merupakan the disease of theories, dengan patofisiologi yang masih belum diketahui dengan jelas. Pada penelitian invitro dilaporkan peningkatan kadar TNF-α dan IL-6 dapat menimbulkan hipoksia plasenta. Hal tersebut dapat memicu sekresi sitokin proinflamasi dari fetoplasenta yang akan menyebabkan penolakan invasi trofoblas. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui hubungan antara kadar/ekspresi TNF-α dan IL-6 dengan infark dan apoptosis jaringan plasenta.Metode: Penelitian dilaksanakan pada periode Juli 2005–Oktober 2005. Subjek penelitian adalah 17 parturient non PE-E dan 18 parturient PE-E yang melahirkan di RSUP Dr. Kariadi Semarang. Kadar/ekspresi TNF-α dan IL-6 diukur dari sampel darah vena dan jaringan plasenta dengan metode ELISA dan imunohistokimia (Quantikine, USA). Luas infark plasenta diukur secara makroskopik, apoptosis diukur secara imunohistokimia dengan pengecatan acridine orange. Perbedaan kadar/ekspresi TNF-α, IL-6, luas infark dan persentase apoptosis antara subjek normal dengan PE-E diuji dengan uji Mann-Whitney. Korelasi antara TNF-α dan IL-6 dengan luas infark dan apoptosis diuji dengan uji korelasi Spearman.Hasil: Rerata luas infark subjek normal adalah 12.5%, sedangkan pada PE-E adalah 35.3% (p=0.001). Persentase apoptosis subjek non PE-E dan PE-E adalah 32.3%, dan 71.0% (p=0.001). Rerata kadar TNF-α plasenta subjek non PE-E dan PE-E adalah 1.7 pg/mL, dan 2.0 pg/mL (p<0.001). Rerata kadar TNF-α serum subjek non PE-E dan PE-E adalah 2.3 pg/mL, dan 2.8 pg/mL (p<0.001). Rerata kadar IL-6 plasenta subjek normal adalah 0.6 pg/mL, pada PE-E adalah 1.3 pg/mL (p<0.001). Rerata kadar IL-6 serum subjek non PE-E dan PE-E adalah 1.4 pg/mL, dan 2.0 pg/mL (p<0.001). Dijumpai korelasi kuat antara TNF-α, IL-6 serum dan plasenta dengan luas infark dan persentase apoptosis plasenta (p<0.001).Simpulan: Kadar sitokin proinflamasi pada serum maupun plasenta parturient PE-E lebih tinggi dibanding non PE-E. Ada hubungan antara kadar/ekspresi sitokin proinflamasi pada serum dan plasenta dengan luas infark dan apoptosis jaringan plasenta

Keadaan Sosio-Ekonomi dan Status Pb Darah Anak pada Pemajanan Pb Lingkungan Henna Rya Sunoko
MEDIA MEDIKA INDONESIANA 2009:MMI VOLUME 43 ISSUE 4 YEAR 2009
Publisher : MEDIA MEDIKA INDONESIANA

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The socio-economic factor and children blood lead level in environmental lead exposureBackground: Low level lead exposures usually are coming from various environmental sources including air, food and water. This has important implications with respect to its regulation. The socio-economic factors can also affect blood lead level in children. This study was aimed to examine the influence of housing condition, earning and education of children’ primary caregivers on children blood lead levels.Methods: The study involved 54 children aged 5-10-years, coming from Gebang Sari, Sekaran and Moro Demak. Cross-sectional design was adopted in this research. The collected data were analyzed using non parametric Wilcoxon signed rank test to determine the mean differences of lead among the locations. OR prevalence and frequencies as well as cross tabulation of blood lead level and housing condition, earning and education data were also analyzed.Results: There were significance differences amongst Gebang Sari, Sekaran and Moro Demak children blood lead levels (p<0.05). Gebang Sari ambient lead air was the highest compared to those of other two locations. Compared to Sekaran and Moro Demak, Gebang Sari was dominated by higher children’ primary caregivers earning and education levels. OR prevalence of >10 ppb lead cut-off for earning level was 2.332 (1.49, 3.65). OR prevalence of >10 ppb lead cut-off for education level was 2.092 (1.295, 3.382).Conclusions: Children blood lead levels were not only influenced by ambient air lead but also by housing condition, earning and education of their primary caregivers.Keywords: Children blood lead level, housing condition, earning, educationABSTRAKLatar belakang: Toksisitas akibat pemajanan Pb lingkungan pada dosis rendah dapat berasal dari berbagai sumber seperti udara, air dan makanan. Hal ini mempunyai implikasi penting terhadap regulasi. Faktor sosio-ekonomi juga berpengaruh terhadap kadar Pb darah anak. Penelitian ini ditujukan untuk mempelajari pengaruh kondisi rumah, tingkat pendapatan dan pendidikan dari orang tua atau wali anak terhadap kadar Pb darah anak.Metoda: Penelitian mengikutsertakan 54 anak, umur 5-10 tahun, berasal dari Gebang Sari, Sekaran dan Moro Demak. Penelitian didesain secara cross-sectional. Data dianalisis secara non-parametrik dengan Wilcoxon signed rank test untuk mengetahui rerata kadar Pb darah anak antar lokasi. OR prevalensi, frekuensi dan tabulasi silang antara kadar Pb darah dengan kondisi rumah, pendapatan dan pendidikan juga dianalisis.Hasil: Terdapat beda yang bermakna antara kadar Pb darah subjek di Gebang Sari dan Sekaran dengan Kadar Pb darah subjek di Moro Demak (p<0,05). Kadar Pb udara ambien Gebang Sari tertinggi dibanding kadar Pb udara di dua lokasi lainnya. Tingkat pendapatan dan pendidikan orang tua atau wali subjek penelitian Gebang Sari lebih tinggi dibanding Sekaran dan Moro Demak. OR prevalensi pada cut-off Pb >10 ppb untuk tingkat pendapatan adalah 2,332 (1,49, 3,65). OR prevalensi pada cut-off Pb >10 ppb untuk tingkat pendidikan adalah 2,092 (1,295, 3,382).Simpulan: Kadar Pb darah anak tidak hanya dipengaruhi oleh kadar Pb udara ambien tetapi juga dipengaruhi oleh kondisi rumah, tingkat pendapatan dan pendidikan orang tua atau wali.

Pengaruh Polifenol Teh Hijau Terhadap Sistem Imun Penderita Karsinoma Nasofaring yang Mendapat Radioterapi Kajian jumlah monosit, limfosit serta produksi TNF-α, IFN-γ dan IL-2 ex vivo Wiratno Wiratno
MEDIA MEDIKA INDONESIANA 2009:MMI VOLUME 43 ISSUE 4 YEAR 2009
Publisher : MEDIA MEDIKA INDONESIANA

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The effect of green tea polyphenols on the immunity of nasopharyngeal carcinoma patients treated with radiotherapy: A study on the number of monocytes and lymphocytes, and production of TNF-α, IFN-γ and IL-2 ex vivoBackground: Radiotherapy in patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma gives side effects, among other is the suppression of immunity system. Green tea polyphenols (GTP) has been proven to modulate immune system. The study aimed to analyze the capacity of antioxidant GTP in inhibiting the suppression effect of radiotherapy to the immune system using monocytes, lymphocytes, TNF-α, IFN-γ and IL-2 parameters.Methods: An experiment study using pre-post test control group design was conducted to 50 NPC patients in II, III and IV stages, received 200 cGy/day 33 times. The treatment group was 25 patients consumed GTP (2900 mg of decaffeinated extract of green tea, containing 986 mg EGCG and 1711 mg of other polyphenols) 2 hours before and 10 hours after RT. The 10 ml blood of cubiti vein was taken 5 to 7 days prior and 3-5 hours after the whole RT. Monocytes and lymphocytes were cultured with autologous whole blood and TNF-α secretion of monocytes having been induced with LPS, IFN-γ and IL-2 by lymphocytes having been induced with PHA and LPS respectively, were measured using ELISA.Results: In the post RT, the control group, monocyte, lymphocyte, TNF-α, IFN-γ and IL-2 had decreased, and the treatment group, monocyte, lymphocyte, and TNF-α decrease, while IFN-γ and IL-2 increase. The t-test transformation logarithm data of monocyte, lymphocyte, and TNF-α comparing the two groups, the result of monocyte and lymphocyte was significantly different (p<0.05), except TNF-α. The Mann-Whitney test the delta data of the IFN-γ and IL-2 were significantly different (p<0.05).Conclusions: GTP significantly inhibit the decrease of the number of monocyte and lymphocyte as well as the production of IFN-γ and IL-2, except TNF-α.Keywords: Nasopharyngeal carcinoma, radiotherapy, green tea polyphenols, monocyte, lymphocyte, TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-2ABSTRAK Latar belakang: Terapi radiasi pada karsinoma nasofaring (KNF) menimbulkan efek samping berupa supresi sistem imun. Polifenol teh hijau (PFTH) ditengarai dapat meningkatkan sistem imun. Dilakukan suatu penelitian untuk mengetahui kapasitas antioksidan polifenol teh hijau dalam menghambat efek supresi radioterapi (RT) terhadap monosit dan limfosit serta fungsinya ex vivo dalam memproduksi TNF-α, IFN-γ dan IL-2 pada penderita KNF.Metode: Penelitian dengan design pre-post test dengan kelompok kontrol dilakukan pada 50 penderita KNF stadium II, III dan IV yang mendapat radioterapi 200cGy/hari sampai 33 kali. Kelompok perlakuan 25 penderita mendapat PFTH (2900 mg ekstrak teh hijau non-kafein mengandung 986 mg EGCG dan 1711 mg polifenol yang lain) dikonsumsi 2 jam sebelum dan 10 jam setelah RT. 10 ml darah vena kubiti diambil 5-7 hari sebelum dan 3-5 jam setelah seluruh radioterapi. Monosit dan limfosit dikultur dalam darah lengkap penderita dan TNF-α sekresi dari monosit setelah diinduksi dengan LPS, IFN-γ dan IL-2 sekresi dari limfosit setelah diinduksi masing-masing dengan PHA dan LPS. Diperiksa dengan metode ELISA .Hasil: Pasca RT, kelompok kontrol didapatkan monosit, limfosit, TNF-α, IFN-γ dan IL-2 semuanya menurun, sedangkan pada kelompok perlakuan yang menurun monosit, limfosit dan TNF-α, sedangkan IFN-γ dan IL-2 keduanya meningkat. Uji t tes terhadap data logaritma monosit, limfosit dan TNF-αantara kelompok perlakuan dan kelompok kontrol, hasilnya hanya monosit dan limfosit yang berbeda bermakna (p<0,05), sedangkan TNF-α tidak. Uji dengan Mann-Whitney terhadap data delta IFN-γ dan IL-2 antara kedua kelompok didapatkan berbeda bermakna (p<0,05).Simpulan: PFTH menghambat secara bermakna penurunan jumlah monosit dan limfosit serta produksi IFN-γ dan IL-2, sedangkan TNF-α tidak

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