cover
Contact Name
Firman Pardosi
Contact Email
par­do­si­.­fp­@­gmail.com
Phone
+6285261­42­3­8­65
Journal Mail Official
par­do­si­.­fp­@­gmail.com
Editorial Address
Universitas Sebelas Maret, Jl. Ir. Suta­mi­ 36A, Su­rakarta 57126, Central Java
Location
Kota surakarta,
Jawa tengah
INDONESIA
Journal of Epidemiology and Public Health
ISSN : 25490273     EISSN : 25490273     DOI : -
Core Subject : Health,
Background: Increased blood pressure for a long time can increase the risk of kidney failure, co­ronary heart disease, brain damage, and other di­seases. In 2019, it is estimated that hyper­tens­ion is experienced by 1.13 billion people in the world with most (two thirds) living in low and mid­­dle income countries. Other study also shows that the police and military are at risk of develop­ing hypertension due to a number of factors such as low know­led­ge about healthy and nutritious food, co-workers who are smokers, and consum­ing alco­hol. This study aimed to analyze the risk factors for hypertension in the police and military in the world using meta analysis. Subjects and Method: This was a meta-ana­lysis and systematic review. The articles used we­re obtained from Google Scholar, Springer Link, Pro­­Quest, and Science Direct databases. Selected arti­cles published from 2000 to 2020. Keywords to search for articles are as follows: hypertension po­lice personnel and military, or hypertension po­lice personnel and military. The articles studi­ed are 3 full text articles with cross sectional stu­dy designs and 1 full text articles with case cont­rol study design. Articles are col­lect­ed using PRI­S­­­MA diagrams, and analy­zed us­ing the Re­vi­ew Ma­nager application 5.3. Results: Overweight (aOR= 1.42; 95% CI = 1.01 to 2.00; p= 0.04), alcohol consumption (aOR­=­ 1.­55; 95% CI= 1.12 to 2.12; p= 0.007), ciga­rette con­­­­sumption (aOR= 1.45 ; 95% CI= 1.06 to 1.97; p= 0.020) is a risk factor for hyper­­­tension in the po­­­lice and military. Conclusion: Overweight, alcohol consump­tion, and cigarette consump­tion, are risk fac­tors for hypertension in po­lice and military personnel.
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Articles 10 Documents
Search results for , issue "Vol 7, No 4 (2022)" : 10 Documents clear
Meta-Analysis of Correlations between Work Stress and Burnout with Work Satisfaction in Nurses
Journal of Epidemiology and Public Health Vol 7, No 4 (2022)
Publisher : Masters Program in Public Health, Universitas Sebelas Maret, Indonesia

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Abstract

Background: Nurses are one of the human resources in the field of health services. Human resources who work in the service sector mostly have high levels of stress and burnout. The level of stress and burnout affect the work satisfaction of nurses. This study aims to determine the relationship between work stress and burnout with nurses’ work satisfaction.Subjects and Method: This study is a systematic review and meta-analysis by searching for articles published by the online database including PubMed, ResearchGate, Science Direct, Google Schoolar and EBSCO in 2007 to 2022. PICO variable work stress (Population: nurses, Interven­tion: heavy stress, Comparation: heavy stress, Outcome: work satisfaction). PICO variable burnout (Population: nurses, Intervention: heavy burnout, Comparation: heavy burnout, Outcome: work satisfaction). Data analysis was using RevMan software version 5.3.Results: Nurses who experience heavy or severe stress have a risk of lowering work satisfaction by 0.97 times compared to mild work stress, but it is not statistically significant (aOR= 0.97; 95% CI 0.78 to 1.20; p=0.750). Nurses who experience heavy burnout have a risk of reducing job satisfaction 0.87 times compared to mild job burnout, but it is not statistically significant (aOR= 0.87; CI 95% 0.58 to 1.30; p= 0.490).Conclusion: High stress levels can reduce nurses’ work satisfaction. A high level of burnout can reduce nurses’ work satisfaction.Keywords: burnout, nurse, work satisfaction, work stress.Correspondence: Arista Gunawati. Masters Program in Public Health Universitas Sebelas Maret. Jl. Ir. Sutami 36A, Surakarta 57126, Central Java, Indonesia. Email: aristagunawati@gmail.com. Mobile: +62 856-4709-3646.Journal of Epidemiology and Public Health (2022), 07(04): 475-492https://doi.org/10.26911/jepublichealth.2022.07.04.06.
Meta-Analysis: The Effect of D-Dimer on Mortality in Patients with COVID-19
Journal of Epidemiology and Public Health Vol 7, No 4 (2022)
Publisher : Masters Program in Public Health, Universitas Sebelas Maret, Indonesia

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Abstract

Background: The severity of COVID-19 can be detected by examining elevated levels of CRP, ferritin, IL-6 and LDH. Elevated D-dimer levels are often found in patients with severe COVID-19 which can predict the occurrence of ARDS (Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome) and patient mortality. The purpose of this study was to determine how much influence D-dimer levels had on mortality of COVID-19 patients.Subjects and Method: This study used a systematic review and meta-analysis with following PICO, population: patients with a clinical diagnosis of COVID-19. Intervention: high D-dimer level. Comparison: low D-dimer level. Outcome: mortality. The data used were obtained from scientific research articles from Pubmed, Google Scholar, Science Direct, and Proquest electronic databases with a cohort design in 2020 until 2022 and report on aOR in multivariate analysis. The keywords used in the search for scientific articles were “D-dimer level” OR “D-dimer” AND “COVID-19” AND “mortality”. The selection of articles is done by using PRISMA flow diagram. Data were analyzed using Review Manager software version 5.4.1.Results: A total of 12 studies with a cohort design that met the criteria from Asia, America, and Europe were selected for a systematic review and meta-analysis. Based on the meta-analysis, it was found that increased levels of D-dimer (>0.5 g/mL) increased mortality in COVID-19 patients by 6.40 times compared to low levels of D-dimer (≤0.5 g/mL) and was statistically significant (aOR = 6.40; 95% CI= 4.51 to 9.08; p<0.001).Conclusion: Elevated levels of D-dimer may increase mortality risk in COVID-19 patients.Keywords: d-dimer level, d-dimer, covid-19, mortality.Correspondence: Yusuf Ryadi. Masters Program in Public Health, Universitas Sebelas Maret. Jl. Ir. Sutami 36A, Surakarta 57126, Jawa Tengah. Email: yusuf.ryadi@gmail.com. Mobile: 085715605268Journal of Epidemiology and Public Health (2022), 07(04): 552-561https://doi.org/10.26911/jepublichealth.2022.07.04.11.
Mortality Risk in COVID-19 Patients with HIV-Comorbidity: Meta-Analysis
Journal of Epidemiology and Public Health Vol 7, No 4 (2022)
Publisher : Masters Program in Public Health, Universitas Sebelas Maret, Indonesia

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Abstract

Background: Coronavirus disease 2019 or known as COVID-19 is a disease caused by severe acute respiratory coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Comorbidities that are risk factors for COVID-19 death include hypertension, diabetes, heart disease, COPD, HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus), kidney failure, and cancer. This study aims to estimate the magnitude of the risk of death in COVID-19 patients with comorbid HIV, with a meta-analysis of the primary studies conducted by the previous authors.Subjects and Method: This study is a systematic review and meta-analysis with the following PICO, population: COVID-19 patients. Intervention: HIV comorbidity. Comparison: without co-morbid HIV. Outcome: Mortality. The articles used in this study were obtained from four data­bases, namely PubMed, Google Scholar, Springerlink, and Science direct, using the search keys "HIV/AIDS" AND "Mortality" OR "death" AND "COVID-19 OR SARS-CoV-2. The included article is a full-text English language with a cohort study design from 2020 to 2021 and reports the adjusted Odds Ratio (aOR) in a multivariate analysis. Article selection is done by using PRISMA flow diagram. Articles were analyzed using the Review Manager 5.3 application.Results: A total of 9 cohort studies involving 3,397,186 COVID-19 patients from America, Europe, and Africa were selected for a systematic review and meta-analysis. The data collected showed that COVID-19 patients with HIV comorbidities had a mortality risk of 3.30 times compared to COVID-19 patients without HIV comorbidities (aOR = 3.30; 95% CI = 2.87 to 3.81; p<0.001).Conclusion: HIV increases mortality risk in COVID-19 patients.Keywords: HIV, COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, mortalityCorrespondence: Nindita Arum Veibiani. Masters Program in Public Health, Universitas Sebelas Maret, Jl. Ir. Sutami 36A, Surakarta 57126, Central Java. Email: nindita.veibiani@gmail.com. Mobile: 085800­216969.Journal of Epidemiology and Public Health (2022), 07(04): 431-440https://doi.org/10.26911/jepublichealth.2022.07.04.02.
Effects of Occupational Stress and Frequency of Lifting Heavy Loads on Low Back Pain in Health Workers: A Meta Analysis
Journal of Epidemiology and Public Health Vol 7, No 4 (2022)
Publisher : Masters Program in Public Health, Universitas Sebelas Maret, Indonesia

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Abstract

Background: Health workers have a high risk for experiencing symptoms of disorders of the musculoskeletal system such as pain, injury, trauma, and other disorders. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), work-related musculoskeletal disorders or commonly called work-related musculoskeletal disorders (WRMDs) are injuries that include various inflammatory disorders or degenerative diseases associated with pain or functional disorders in the body.Subjects and Method: This study is a systematic review and meta-analysis with the following PICO, Population: Health workers. Intervention: High stress and high frequency of heavy lifting. Comparison: Low stress and low frequency of weight lifting. Outcome: Back pain. The articles used in this study were obtained from three databases, namely Google Scholar, Pubmed, and Science Direct. Keywords to search for articles “low back pain” “risk factors” “determinants” “predictors” AND “health workers” The articles included were full-text English with a cohort and cross-sectional study design from 2016 to 2021 and reported the adjusted odds ratio (aOR) in the multivariate analysis. The selection of articles was done by using PRISMA flow diagram. Articles were analyzed using the Review Manager 5.3 application.Results: A total of 5 cohort and 10 cross-sectional studies, ten articles included nurses as research respondents, four articles included overall medical personnel, and one article included ambulance workers. Research locations are in Denmark, Saudi Arabia, China, Japan, Malaysia, Iran, Brazil Italy, Australia, Yemen, Estonia, and Ethiopia with medical workers who have low levels of job stress (aOR= 2.52; 95% CI= 2.15 to 2.96; p< 0.001) and it can be concluded that medical workers with frequent heavy lifting have a risk of experiencing back pain by 2.01 times compared to medical workers with infrequent weight lifting frequency (aOR= 2.01; 95% CI 1.23 to 3.18; p = 0.003).Conclusion: Medical workers with high levels of job stress and frequent heavy lifting are at risk for back pain.Keywords: back pain, stress, weight lifting.Correspondence: Ahmad Syauqi Mubarok. Masters Program of Public Health Sciences, Universitas Sebelas Maret, Jl. Ir. Sutami 36A, Surakarta 57126, Central Java. Email: syauqimubarok39@gmail.com. Mobile: 085741144248.Journal of Epidemiology and Public Health (2022), 07(04): 493-506https://doi.org/10.26911/jepublichealth.2022.07.04.07.
Malaria Surveillance Mapping in Yogyakarta Special Region, Indonesia
Journal of Epidemiology and Public Health Vol 7, No 4 (2022)
Publisher : Masters Program in Public Health, Universitas Sebelas Maret, Indonesia

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Abstract

Background: Kulon Progo is one of contributing malaria cases in Indonesia and eliminating incidence malaria still unsolved problem in Indonesia. This study aims to analyze the relationship between mosquito breeding sites, the distribution of malaria cases through Arc-GIS specifically for buffering and spatial analysis in Kulon Progo Regency from 2015 to 2021.Subjects dan Method: This descriptive research retrospective approach was conducted from secondary data on malaria cases in Kulon Progo between 2015 and 2021. The variable research in this study are positive malaria cases diagnosed using the traditional method of thick blood and thin smear. The sampling technique in this study used total sampling, in totally 265 cases were included. The Data on malaria cases in Kulon Progo Health Office were used as instruments to develop the spatial map and questionnaires served as a confirmation sheet for demographic characteristic. GPS (Global Positioning System) 10.3 used to determine the coordinates of malaria cases. Data on malaria cases are presented in a six-year time series. Area classification using Arc-GIS 10.1 software with buffer analysis and visualization data was utilized to determine the distribution pattern of malaria.Results: Incidence declined sharply 23.9 to 0.4 cases per 100,000 in 2015 to 2021. The purely cluster of malaria cases trend were in the watershed area at a distance of <250 meters in Kokap Sub-district. Malaria cases were mostly found in rice fields with a distance of <250 meters in Samigaluh Sub-district. All malaria cases were in the garden areas of <250meters in Nanggulang and the forest area of >250 meters in the Kalibawang Sub-district. Conclusion: Probability of malaria transmission are rivers, rice fields and gardens. It is necessary to hold training on the use of the Arc-GIS application for surveillance officers.Keywords: Gis, malaria, mapping, surveillance.Correspondence: Fatma Nuraisyah, Faculty of Public Health, Universitas Ahmad Dahlan, Indonesia. Kapas street No. 9, Semaki, Special Region of Yogyakarta, Post Box: 55166; email: fatma.nuraisyah@ikm.uad.ac.id. Mobile: 6285747232100.Journal of Epidemiology and Public Health (2022), 07(04): 562-572 https://doi.org/10.26911/jepublichealth.2022.07.04.12.
Effect of Diabetes Mellitus Comorbidity on Mortality Risk in Tuberculosis Patients who Received Tuberculosis Treatment: A Meta-Analysis
Journal of Epidemiology and Public Health Vol 7, No 4 (2022)
Publisher : Masters Program in Public Health, Universitas Sebelas Maret, Indonesia

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Abstract

Background: Tuberculosis or TB is a disease caused by the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex. There are several comorbidities that experience severity and death when infected with tuberculosis or TB, namely hypertension, diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular disease, chronic kidney disease, cerebrovascular disease, and other diseases. This study aims to estimate the magnitude of the risk of death in Tuberculosis patients undergoing treatment with comorbid Diabetes Mellitus, with a meta-analysis of primary studies conducted by previous authors.Subjects and Method: This was a systematic review and meta-analysis with the following PICO, population: Tuberculosis patients. Intervention: comorbidities of chronic diabetes mellitus. Comparison: without comorbid diabetes mellitus. Outcome: death. The articles used in this study were obtained from three databases, namely Google Scholar, Pubmed, and Science Direct. Key­words to search for articles “Tuberclosis” OR TBC AND “Diabetes Mellitus” OR DM AND Mortality OR Death The included full-text articles are in English with a cohort study design from 2007 to 2021 and report the adjusted Odds Ratio (aOR) in a multivariate analysis. Article selection is done by using PRISMA flow diagram. Articles were analyzed using the Review Manager 5.3 application.Results: A total of 12 cohort studies involving tuberculosis patients undergoing treatment from America, Europe, Africa and Asia were selected for a systematic review and meta-analysis. The data collected showed tuberculosis patients undergoing treatment with comorbid Diabetes Mellitus had a 1.68 times risk of death compared to COVID-19 patients without comorbid chronic kidney disease (aOR = 1.68; 95% CI = 1.42 to 1.99; p<0.001).Conclusion: Diabetes mellitus comorbidity increases the risk of death in tuberculosis patients undergoing treatment.Keywords: Diabetes Melitus, Tuberculosis, mortalityCorrespondence: Hakim Anasulfalah. Masters Program in Public Health, Universitas Sebelas Maret, Jl. Ir. Sutami 36A, Surakarta 57126, Jawa Tengah. Email: anasulfalah75@gmail.com. Mobile: 085602655400.Journal of Epidemiology and Public Health (2022), 07(04): 441-453https://doi.org/10.26911/jepublichealth.2022.07.04.03.
Knowledge, Attitude, and Practice of Health Care Workers in the Management of Peptic Ulcer at the Paul VI and the Bogodogo District Hospitals, in Burkina Faso
Journal of Epidemiology and Public Health Vol 7, No 4 (2022)
Publisher : Masters Program in Public Health, Universitas Sebelas Maret, Indonesia

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Abstract

Background: In 2015, peptic ulcer disease (PUD) was cause of 52.3% and 17% of digestive bleeding and death in respectively among in-hospital patients at the gastro-enterology units of the main hospital in Ouagadougou. We aimed to assess the knowledge, attitudes and practices of the health care workers in the management of PUD.Subjects dan Method: It was a descriptive cross-sectional study with a prospective data collection implemented at the Paul VI and the Bogodogo District Hospitals in Ouagadougou (Burkina Faso) from December 15, 2015 to January 25, 2016. A questionnaire was administered to 134 health care workers including medical doctors, nurses and midwives.Results: The mean age was 33 years (Mean= 33.6; SD= 5.84). Females represented 61.9%. Know­ledge levels were good to excellent for general knowledge, symptoms and treatment of PUD. Depending on the agent's qualification, knowledge levels were excellent in all areas for two-thirds to three-quarters of the general practitioners, except for knowledge of additional investigation analyses, where only 47.8% had an excellent knowledge. Depending on the level of education, the level of knowledge was at least good for more than 50% of the agents except for the knowledge of additional investigation analyses where only 45.2 % of the agents of secondary school level had a good knowledge. The main attitudes consisted in managing the patients in emergency and out of an emergency context in 45.8% and 42.2% of the cases, respectively. Regarding the practices, 51.5% of the HCWs systematically requested investigation analyses before starting an aetiological therapy.Conclusion: The PUD knowledge ranks from good to excellent. However, the frequent pre­scription of symptomatic treatments could be the cause of many complications. The promotion of continuous medical education is a good mitigation plan to resolve the issues of knowledge and competence regarding the PUD.Keywords: attitude, knowledge, peptic ulcer disease, practiceCorrespondence: Eric Nagaonlé Somé. Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé (IRSS)/CNRST 10 BP 250 Ouagadougou 10 Burkina Faso. Email: eric.some@gmail.com. Mobile phone: +226 70 75 13 33.Journal of Epidemiology and Public Health (2021), 07(04): 507-519https://doi.org/10.26911/jepublichealth.2022.07.04.08
Meta Analysis: The Effect of Age and Gender on Face Mask Use during COVID-19 Pandemic
Journal of Epidemiology and Public Health Vol 7, No 4 (2022)
Publisher : Masters Program in Public Health, Universitas Sebelas Maret, Indonesia

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Abstract

Background: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a world health problem in early 2020. The first case of COVID-19 was found in Wuhan China, the use of masks is intended to control the transmission of the virus to others and as a preventive measure, namely by providing protection to users who do not infected with viral exposure. The purpose of this study was to estimate the extent of adherence to wearing masks in the elderly and women through a meta-analysis of the primary study which was carried out by the previous authors.Subjects and Method: This study was a meta-analysis with the following PICO, PICO. Popula­tion: general population, intervention: age (older > 46) and gender (female), comparison: age (young 12 - 45 years) and gender (male), outcome: use of masks. The articles used in this study were obtained from three databases, namely Google Scholar, Pubmed, and Science Direct. With keywords such as: “mask and COVID-19 transmission”, “mask or COVID-19 transmission”. The articles included are full-text English with an observational study design from 2020 to 2022. Article selection was carried out using PRISMA flow diagram. Articles were analyzed using the Review Manager 5.3 application.Results: A total of 9 case studies from Europe, America and Asia were selected for systematic review and meta-analysis. The results showed that people over 46 years of age were 1.54 times more likely to use a mask than those under 45 years old (aOR= 1.54; 95% CI= 0.83 to 2.85; p= 0.170) and women were 1.12 times more likely to use a mask than men. -male (aOR= 1.12; 95% CI= 0.78 to 1.61; p= 0.550).Conclusion: Older age and women are more likely to wear masks.Keywords: wearing mask, gender, age, COVID-19Correspondence: Indah Adhitama Chrisnanda. Master Program in Public Health. Universitas Sebelas Maret, Jl. Ir. Sutami 36 A, Surakarta 57126, Central Java, Indonesia. Email: indahthama1919@gmail.com Mobile: 081216121662.Journal of Epidemiology and Public Health (2022), 07(04): 454-464https://doi.org/10.26911/jepublichealth.2022.07.04.04.
Factors Associated with Family Consent to Organ Donation in Qatar: Results from a Household Survey
Journal of Epidemiology and Public Health Vol 7, No 4 (2022)
Publisher : Masters Program in Public Health, Universitas Sebelas Maret, Indonesia

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Abstract

Background: Family consent and organ donors rates are co-linear to each other. The low consent rate can be influenced by socioeconomic and behavioral factors in the population. This study aimed to assess the influence of sociodemographic and behavioral factors on family consent for organ donation in the household population.Subjects dan Method: This is a secondary data analysis of the cross-sectional research design of 1044 household participants conducted in Qatar on organ donation between October and November 2016. A two-stage systematic random sampling was applied to collect data. The dependent variable was family consent. The independent variables were demographic and behavioral factors such as knowledge, attitude, intention, and beliefs about organ donation. Data were collected using household survey Questionnaire and analysed using Student t-tests (unpaired), chi-square tests, and multivariate logistic regression analysis. C-statistics was applied to see discriminate accury of the developed regression model for family consent.Results: Attitude (aOR= 1.73; 95%CI= 1.28 to 2.34; p= 0.001) and Intention (aOR= 7.50; 95%CI= 4.04 to 13.92; p= 0.001) factors were significantly associated to family consent to increase organ donation registration whereas; control belief (aOR= 0.74; 95%CI= 0.55 to 0.99; p= 0.050) was negatively associated to family consent. Knowledge (aOR= 1.63; 95%CI= 0.55 to 4.80; p= 0.380), behavioral belief (aOR= 1.11; 95%CI= 0.77 to 1.61; p= 0.580), heard organ donation (aOR= 1.12; 95%CI= 0.71 to 1.76; p= 0.630), registered for organ donation (aOR= 1.11; 95%CI= 0.50 to 2.46; p= 0.800), and donated any organ/blood/tissue (aOR= 1.63; 95%CI= 0.55 to 4.80; p= 0.380) factors were not statistically significant to family consent to increase organ donation registration.Conclusion: Attitude and intention can increase family consent to organ donation registration.Keywords: Family consent, intention, attitude, knowledge, organ donation.Correspondence: Rajvir Singh, Cardiology Research Center, Heart Hospital, Hamad Medical Corporation (HMC), Doha, Qatar, Post Box: 3050; email: rajvir.aiims@gmail.com. Mobile: 97455897044.Journal of Epidemiology and Public Health (2022), 07(04): 520-534https://doi.org/10.26911/jepublichealth.2022.07.04.09
Meta Analysis of the Relationship between Tea Drinking Habits and the Incidence of Anemia in Pregnant Women
Journal of Epidemiology and Public Health Vol 7, No 4 (2022)
Publisher : Masters Program in Public Health, Universitas Sebelas Maret, Indonesia

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Abstract

Background: Anemia is a nutritional problem that needs attention and is one of the public health problems in Indonesia. One of the causes of anemia in pregnant women is the consumption of tea, where tea contains polyphenols which can inhibit the absorption of iron. The purpose of this study was to analyze the available evidence related to the relationship between tea drinking habits and the incidence of anemia in pregnant women.Subjects and Method: This study uses a systematic review and meta-analysis with PICO, namely, population= pregnant women. Intervention= drinking tea. Comparison= don't drink tea. Outcome = incidence of anemia. Article searches were conducted using electronic databases such as Google Scholar and PubMed between 2013 and 2022. The keywords used were: [("drinking tea" OR "tea consumption") AND ("anemia" AND "pregnancy") OR ("pregnant" women")]. The inclu­sion criteria used were full paper articles with observational studies (cross-sectional), multivariate analysis with adjusted Odd Ratios (aOR) to measure the estimated effect. The article search results are listed in the PRISMA diagram and analyzed using the Review Manager 5.3 application.Results: A total of 7 articles from Ethiopia, Somalia, Nepal, and Saudi Arabia were selected to be carried out in a systematic review and meta-analysis. The data collected showed that pregnant women who had the habit of drinking tea could increase the risk of anemia 1.94 times compared to pregnant women who did not drink tea (aOR=1.94; 95% CI=1.10 to 3.43; p=0.020).Conclusion: Pregnant women who have a habit of drinking tea can increase the risk of anemia.Keywords: Pregnant women, drinking tea, and anemiaCorrespondence: Samara Rahma Dania. Masters Program in Public Health, Universitas Sebelas Maret. Jl. Ir. Sutami 36A, Surakarta 57126, Central Java, Indonesia. Email: samaradania25@gmail.com. Mobile: +628­5647233020.Journal of Epidemiology and Public Health (2022), 07(04): 465-474https://doi.org/10.26911/jepublichealth.2022.07.04.05.

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