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International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering
ISSN : 20888708     EISSN : 27222578     DOI : -
International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE, ISSN: 2088-8708, a SCOPUS indexed Journal, SNIP: 1.001; SJR: 0.296; CiteScore: 0.99; SJR & CiteScore Q2 on both of the Electrical & Electronics Engineering, and Computer Science) is the official publication of the Institute of Advanced Engineering and Science (IAES). The journal is open to submission from scholars and experts in the wide areas of electrical, electronics, instrumentation, control, telecommunication and computer engineering from the global world.
Articles 96 Documents
Search results for , issue "Vol 11, No 4: August 2021" : 96 Documents clear
Smart cities: Understanding policies, standards, applications and case studies Surender Reddy Salkuti
International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE) Vol 11, No 4: August 2021
Publisher : Institute of Advanced Engineering and Science

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.11591/ijece.v11i4.pp3137-3144

Abstract

This paper presents the integration of required basic facilities of living such as healthcare, education, and infrastructure for building the smart cities. The administrations of smart cities should have the smart governance, safety measures with cultural and social stimulus. Four building blocks of smart cities, i.e., people and environment, smart utilities, smart technology and smart administration are described in the present paper. The aim of this paper is to give a clearer perspective of the key decisions with spatial reference that may assume a key part in the plan of a smart city technique. Application of various technologies, for examples big data, artificial intelligence, machine learning, internet of things (IoT), cloud computing, block chain technology to the smart cities are discussed in this paper. Various challenges of smart cities such as information technology (IT) infrastructure, cost, privacy, security, efficiency, fossil fuel dependency and congested commutes with proposed solutions are also presented in this paper.
Improved LEACH protocol for increasing the lifetime of WSNs Ikram Daanoune; Abdennaceur Baghdad; Abdelhakim Ballouk
International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE) Vol 11, No 4: August 2021
Publisher : Institute of Advanced Engineering and Science

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.11591/ijece.v11i4.pp3106-3113

Abstract

Recently, wireless sensor network (WSN) is taking a high place in several applications: military, industry, and environment. The importance of WSNs in current applications makes the WSNs the most developed technology at the research level and especially in the field of communication and computing. However, WSN’s performance deals with a number of challenges. Energy consumption is the most considerable for many researchers because nodes use energy to collect, treat, and send data, but they have restricted energy. For this reason, numerous efficient energy routing protocols have been developed to save the consumption of power. Low energy adaptive clustering hierarchy (LEACH) is considered as the most attractive one in WSNs. In the present document, we evaluate the LEACH approach effectiveness in the cluster-head (CH) choosing and in data transmission, then we propose an enhanced protocol. The proposed algorithm aims to improve energy consumption and prolong the lifetime of WSN through selecting CHs depending on the remaining power, balancing the number of nodes in clusters, determining abandoned nodes in order to send their data to the sink. Then CHs choose the optimal path to achieve the sink. Simulation results exhibit that the enhanced method can decrease the consumption of energy and prolong the life-cycle of the network.
The effects of using variable lengths for degraded signal acquisition in GPS receivers Arif Hussain; Hina Magsi; Arslan Ahmed; Hadi Hussain; Zahid Hussain Khand; Faheem Akhtar
International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE) Vol 11, No 4: August 2021
Publisher : Institute of Advanced Engineering and Science

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.11591/ijece.v11i4.pp3201-3211

Abstract

The signal acquisition in GPS receivers is the first and very crucial process that may affect the overall performance of a navigation receiver. Acquisition program initiates a searching operation on received navigation signals to detect and identify the visible satellites. However, signal acquisition becomes a very challenging task in a degraded environment (i.e, dense urban) and the receiver may not be able to detect the satellites present in radio-vicinity, thus cannot estimate an accurate position solution. In such environments, satellite signals are attenuated and fluctuated due to fading introduced by Multipath and NLOS reception. To perform signal acquisition in such degraded environments, larger data accumulation can be effective in enhancing SNR, which tradeoff huge computational load, prolonged acquisition time and high cost of receiver. This paper highlights the effects of fading on satellite signal acquisition in GPS receiver through variable data lengths and SNR comparison, and then develops a statistical relationship between satellite visibility and SNR. Furthermore it also analyzes/investigates the tradeoff between computation load and signal data length.
Location tracking using LoRa Norlezah Hashim; Fakrulradzi Idris; Tuan Nur Anisa Tuan Ab Aziz; Siti Halma Johari; Rozilawati Mohd Nor; Norfariza Ab Wahab
International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE) Vol 11, No 4: August 2021
Publisher : Institute of Advanced Engineering and Science

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.11591/ijece.v11i4.pp3123-3128

Abstract

Local area network (LAN) as Bluetooth, WiFi and ZigBee are well established technology. The biggest problem with many LAN is the battery consumption and short ranges link budgets. LoRa is a new, private, unlicensed and spread spectrum modulation technique which allows sending low rates at extremely long ranges with minimal power consumption. More importantly, there is no access fee associated with this type of wireless technology. The main idea behind this work is to conduct performance and capability analysis of a currently available LoRa transceiver. We develop a location monitoring system using LoRa and global positioning system (GPS) module and we analyze the detectable range of its data, its battery consumption as well as received signal strength indicator (RSSI). Our deployment experiment demonstrates that the system is able to detect the transmitted data within 290 meters of distances. Using 6 volts of battery AA, the transmission of data still occurred after 24 hours. This project is emphasized a location monitoring system that provide low power usage but long range.
A novel fast time jamming analysis transmission selection technique for radar systems Kamal Hussein; Mohamed Mabrouk; Bahaaeldin M. F. Elsor; Ahmed Alieldin; Walid M. Saad
International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE) Vol 11, No 4: August 2021
Publisher : Institute of Advanced Engineering and Science

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.11591/ijece.v11i4.pp3241-3254

Abstract

The jamming analysis transmission selection (JATS) sub-system is used in radar systems to detect and avoid the jammed frequencies in the available operating bandwidth during signal transmission and reception. The available time to measure the desired frequency spectrum and select the non-jammed frequency for transmission is very limited. A novel fast time (FAT) technique that measures the channel spectrum, detects the jamming sub-band and selects the non-jammed frequency for radar system transmission in real time is proposed. A JATS sub-system has been designed, simulated, fabricated and implemented based on FAT technique to verify the idea. The novel FAT technique utilizes time-domain analysis instead of the well-known fast Fourier transform (FFT) used in conventional JATS sub-systems. Therefore, the proposed fast time jamming analysis transmission selection (FAT-JATS) sub-system outperforms other reported JATS sub-systems as it uses less FPGA resources, avoids time-delay occurred due to complex FFT calculations and enhances the real time operation. This makes the proposed technique an excellent candidate for JATS sub-systems.
Image encryption under spatial domain based on modify 2D LSCM chaotic map via dynamic substitution-permutation network Rana Saad Mohammed; Khalid Kadhim Jabbar; Hussien Abid Hilal
International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE) Vol 11, No 4: August 2021
Publisher : Institute of Advanced Engineering and Science

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.11591/ijece.v11i4.pp3070-3083

Abstract

Image encryption has become an important application aspect of information security. Most attempts are focused on increasing the security aspect, the quality of the resulting image, and the time consumed. On the other hand, dealing with the color image under the spatial domain in this filed is considered as another challenge added to the proposed method that make it sensitivity and difficulty. The proposed method aims to encode a color image by dealing with the main color components of the red (R), green (G), and blue (B) components of a color image to strengthen the dependence of each component by modifying a two dimensional logistic- sine coupling map (2D- LSCM). This is to satisfy the statistical features and reduce time-consumption, and benefit from a mixing step of the second of advanced encryption standard (AES) candidates (serpent block cipher) and modified it to achieve in addition of confusion and diffusion processes. The experimental results showed that our proposed method had the ability to resist against statistical attacks and differential attacks. It also had a uniform histogram, a large key space, complex and faster, closer Shannon entropy to 8, and low correlation values between two adjacent pixels compared with other methods.
Device to evaluate cleanliness of fiber optic connectors using image processing and neural networks Victor Fernandez; Javier Chavez; Guillermo Kemper
International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE) Vol 11, No 4: August 2021
Publisher : Institute of Advanced Engineering and Science

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.11591/ijece.v11i4.pp3093-3105

Abstract

This work proposes a portable, handheld electronic device, which measures the cleanliness in fiber optic connectors via digital image processing and artificial neural networks. Its purpose is to reduce the evaluation subjectivity in visual inspection done by human experts. Although devices with this purpose already exist, they tend to be cost-prohibitive and do not take advantage of neither image processing nor artificial intelligence to improve their results. The device consists of an optical microscope for fiber optic connector analysis, a digital camera adapter, a reduced-board computer, an image processing algorithm, a neural network algorithm and an LCD screen for equipment operation and results visualization. The image processing algorithm applies grayscale histogram equalization, Gaussian filtering, Canny filtering, Hough transform, region of interest segmentation and obtaining radiometric descriptors as inputs to the neural network. Validation consisted of comparing the results by the proposed device with those obtained by agreeing human experts via visual inspection. Results yield an average Cohen's Kappa of 0.926, which implies a very satisfactory performance by the proposed device.
Environment humidity and temperature prediction in agriculture using Mamdani inference systems Julio Barón Velandia; Jonathan Steven Capera Quintana; Sebastian Camilo Vanegas Ayala
International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE) Vol 11, No 4: August 2021
Publisher : Institute of Advanced Engineering and Science

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.11591/ijece.v11i4.pp3502-3509

Abstract

This paper presents the results of a humidity and temperature prediction model in the environment for agriculture, using diffuse sets and optimizing their parameters by heuristic methods, such as genetic algorithms, and exact methods such as Quasi-Newton. It has been identified that non-specialized users could have difficulties in understanding the system dynamics and the behavior of variables over time. The aim of this research is obtain models with a high level of interpretability and accuracy that allows predicting the temperature and humidity values for the environment. The use of fuzzy logic to present a solution has great advantages as this system is highly rated for interpretability. Furthermore, by relating the obtained values for environment humidity and temperature to qualitative categories as high, medium or low, it allows non-specialized users to have a better understanding of the system dynamics. Two optimization techniques are applied to two different diffuse sets that allow the prediction of the humidity and temperature. It is found that the best implementation involves a Mamdani fuzzy inference system optimized with Quasi-Newton algorithm that uses a set of initial values attained through a previous optimization process with a genetic algorithm.
Optimization of open flow controller placement in software defined networks Raghda Salam Al mahdawi; Huda M. Salih
International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE) Vol 11, No 4: August 2021
Publisher : Institute of Advanced Engineering and Science

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.11591/ijece.v11i4.pp3145-3153

Abstract

The world is entering into the era of Big Data where computer networks are an essential part. However, the current network architecture is not very convenient to configure such leap. Software defined network (SDN) is a new network architecture which argues the separation of control and data planes of the network devices by centralizing the former in high level, centralised devices and efficient supervisors, called controllers. This paper proposes a mathematical model that helps optimizing the locations of the controllers within the network while minimizing the overall cost under realistic constrains. Our method includes finding the minimum cost of placing the controllers; these costs are the network latency, controller processing power and link bandwidth. Different types of network topologies have been adopted to consider the data profile of the controllers, links of controllers and locations of switches. The results showed that as the size of input data increased, the time to find the optimal solution also increased in a non-polynomial time. In addition, the cost of solution is increased linearly with the input size. Furthermore, when increasing allocating possible locations of the controllers, for the same number of switches, the cost was found to be less.
Bayesian learning scheme for sparse DOA estimation based on maximum-a-posteriori of hyperparameters Raghu K.; Prameela Kumari N.
International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE) Vol 11, No 4: August 2021
Publisher : Institute of Advanced Engineering and Science

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.11591/ijece.v11i4.pp3049-3058

Abstract

In this paper, the problem of direction of arrival estimation is addressed by employing Bayesian learning technique in sparse domain. This paper deals with the inference of sparse Bayesian learning (SBL) for both single measurement vector (SMV) and multiple measurement vector (MMV) and its applicability to estimate the arriving signal’s direction at the receiving antenna array; particularly considered to be a uniform linear array. We also derive the hyperparameter updating equations by maximizing the posterior of hyperparameters and exhibit the results for nonzero hyperprior scalars. The results presented in this paper, shows that the resolution and speed of the proposed algorithm is comparatively improved with almost zero failure rate and minimum mean square error of signal’s direction estimate.

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