International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering			
            
            
            
            
            
            
            
            International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE, ISSN: 2088-8708, a SCOPUS indexed Journal, SNIP: 1.001; SJR: 0.296; CiteScore: 0.99; SJR & CiteScore Q2 on both of the Electrical & Electronics Engineering, and Computer Science) is the official publication of the Institute of Advanced Engineering and Science (IAES). The journal is open to submission from scholars and experts in the wide areas of electrical, electronics, instrumentation, control, telecommunication and computer engineering from the global world.
            
            
         
        
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                            Bipolar and unipolar schemes for confined band variable switching frequency PWM based inverter 
                        
                        Hussain Attia; 
Hang Seng Che; 
Tan Kheng Suan Freddy; 
Ahmad Elkhateb                        
                         International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE) Vol 11, No 5: October 2021 
                        
                        Publisher : Institute of Advanced Engineering and Science 
                        
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                                    DOI: 10.11591/ijece.v11i5.pp3763-3771                                
                                                    
                        
                            
                                
                                
                                    
The single phase inverter performance through the unipolar and bipolar strategies has been previously analyzed based on the constant switching frequency pulse width modulation (CSFPWM). However, the confined band variable switching frequency PWM (CB-VSFPWM) is currently proposed as a new variable switching frequency PWM technique through unipolar strategy to facilitate the design of high order filter, to reduce the switching losses, and to reduce the current total harmonics distortion (THD) as well. To evaluate the performance of a single phase inverter based on the CBVSFPWM through bipolar strategy, this paper presents a comparative study of the CB-VSFPWM based inverter performance using the unipolar PWM and the bipolar PWM strategies. The study adopts MATLAB/Simulink to simulate the inverter and to analyze the simulation results in terms of harmonics spectrum, total harmonic distortion (THD), and fundamental components. The analysis of the study results gives an indication about the appropriate type of CB-VSFPWM strategy (unipolar PWM or bipolar PWM) to guarantee the desired performance of the connected inverter in terms of the electrical grid standards like THD, and harmonics spectrum of the inverter current.
                                
                             
                         
                     
                    
                                            
                        
                            Outage probability analysis for hybrid TSR-PSR based SWIPT systems over log-normal fading channels 
                        
                        Hoang Thien Van; 
Hoang-Phuong Van; 
Danh Hong Le; 
Ma Quoc Phu; 
Hoang-Sy Nguyen                        
                         International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE) Vol 11, No 5: October 2021 
                        
                        Publisher : Institute of Advanced Engineering and Science 
                        
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                                    DOI: 10.11591/ijece.v11i5.pp4233-4240                                
                                                    
                        
                            
                                
                                
                                    
Employing simultaneous information and power transfer (SWIPT) technology in cooperative relaying networks has drawn considerable attention from the research community. We can find several studies that focus on Rayleigh and Nakagami-m fading channels, which are used to model outdoor scenarios. Differing itself from several existing studies, this study is conducted in the context of indoor scenario modelled by log-normal fading channels. Specifically, we investigate a so-called hybrid time switching relaying (TSR)-power splitting relaying (PSR) protocol in an energy-constrained cooperative amplify-and-forward (AF) relaying network. We evaluate the system performance with outage probability (OP) by analytically expressing and simulating it with Monte Carlo method. The impact of power-splitting (PS), time-switching (TS) and signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) on the OP was as well investigated. Subsequently, the system performance of TSR, PSR and hybrid TSR-PSR schemes were compared. The simulation results are relatively accurate because they align well with the theory.
                                
                             
                         
                     
                    
                                            
                        
                            Palm print recognition based on harmony search algorithm 
                        
                        Raniah Ali Mustafa; 
Haitham Salman Chyad; 
Rafid Aedan Haleot                        
                         International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE) Vol 11, No 5: October 2021 
                        
                        Publisher : Institute of Advanced Engineering and Science 
                        
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                                    DOI: 10.11591/ijece.v11i5.pp4113-4124                                
                                                    
                        
                            
                                
                                
                                    
Due to its stabilized and distinctive properties, the palmprint is considered a physiological biometric. Recently, palm print recognition has become one of the foremost desired identification methods. This manuscript presents a new recognition palm print scheme based on a harmony search algorithm by computing the Gaussian distribution. The first step in this scheme is preprocessing, which comprises the segmentation, according to the characteristics of the geometric shape of palmprint, the region of interest (ROI) of palmprint was cut off. After the processing of the ROI image is taken as input related to the harmony search algorithm for extracting the features of the palmprint images through using many parameters for the harmony search algorithm, Finally, Gaussian distribution has been used for computing distance between features for region palm print images, in order to recognize the palm print images for persons by training and testing a set of images, The scheme which has been proposed using palmprint databases, was provided by College of Engineering Pune (COEP), the Hong Kong Polytechnic University (HKPU), Experimental results have shown the effectiveness of the suggested recognition system for palm print with regards to the rate of recognition that reached approximately 92.60%.
                                
                             
                         
                     
                    
                                            
                        
                            Occluded iris classification and segmentation using self-customized artificial intelligence models and iterative randomized Hough transform 
                        
                        Isam Abu Qasmieh; 
Hiam Alquran; 
Ali Mohammad Alqudah                        
                         International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE) Vol 11, No 5: October 2021 
                        
                        Publisher : Institute of Advanced Engineering and Science 
                        
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                                    DOI: 10.11591/ijece.v11i5.pp4037-4049                                
                                                    
                        
                            
                                
                                
                                    
A fast and accurate iris recognition system is presented for noisy iris images, mainly the noises due to eye occlusion and from specular reflection. The proposed recognition system will adopt a self-customized support vector machine (SVM) and convolution neural network (CNN) classification models, where the models are built according to the iris texture GLCM and automated deep features datasets that are extracted exclusively from each subject individually. The image processing techniques used were optimized, whether the processing of iris region segmentation using iterative randomized Hough transform (IRHT), or the processing of the classification, where few significant features are considered, based on singular value decomposition (SVD) analysis, for testing the moving window matrix class if it is iris or non-iris. The iris segments matching techniques are optimized by extracting, first, the largest parallel-axis rectangle inscribed in the classified occluded-iris binary image, where its corresponding iris region is crosscorrelated with the same subject’s iris reference image for obtaining the most correlated iris segments in the two eye images. Finally, calculating the iriscode Hamming distance of the two most correlated segments to identify the subject’s unique iris pattern with high accuracy, security, and reliability.
                                
                             
                         
                     
                    
                                            
                        
                            Intelligent swarm algorithms for optimizing nonlinear sliding mode controller for robot manipulator 
                        
                        Suhad Qasim G. Haddad; 
Hanan A. R. Akkar                        
                         International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE) Vol 11, No 5: October 2021 
                        
                        Publisher : Institute of Advanced Engineering and Science 
                        
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                                    DOI: 10.11591/ijece.v11i5.pp3943-3955                                
                                                    
                        
                            
                                
                                
                                    
This work introduces an accurate and fast approach for optimizing the parameters of robot manipulator controller. The approach of sliding mode control (SMC) was proposed as it documented an effective tool for designing robust controllers for complex high-order linear and nonlinear dynamic systems operating under uncertain conditions. In this work Intelligent particle swarm optimization (PSO) and social spider optimization (SSO) were used for obtaining the best values for the parameters of sliding mode control (SMC) to achieve consistency, stability and robustness. Additional design of integral sliding mode control (ISMC) was implemented to the dynamic system to achieve the high control theory of sliding mode controller. For designing particle swarm optimizer (PSO) and social spider optimization (SSO) processes, mean square error performances index was considered. The effectiveness of the proposed system was tested with six degrees of freedom robot manipulator by using (PUMA) robot. The iteration of SSO and PSO algorithms with mean square error and objective function were obtained, with best fitness for (SSO) =4.4876 ????-6 and (PSO)=3.4948 ????-4.
                                
                             
                         
                     
                    
                                            
                        
                            High performance modified bit-vector based packet classification module on low-cost FPGA 
                        
                        Anita P.; 
Manju Devi                        
                         International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE) Vol 11, No 5: October 2021 
                        
                        Publisher : Institute of Advanced Engineering and Science 
                        
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                                    DOI: 10.11591/ijece.v11i5.pp3855-3863                                
                                                    
                        
                            
                                
                                
                                    
The packet classification plays a significant role in many network systems, which requires the incoming packets to be categorized into different flows and must take specific actions as per functional and application requirements. The network system speed is continuously increasing, so the demand for the packet classifier also increased. Also, the packet classifier's complexity is increased further due to multiple fields should match against a large number of rules. In this manuscript, an efficient and high performance modified bitvector (MBV) based packet classification (PC) is designed and implemented on low-cost Artix-7 FPGA. The proposed MBV based PC employs pipelined architecture, which offers low latency and high throughput for PC. The MBV based PC utilizes <2% slices, operating at 493.102 MHz, and consumes 0.1 W total power on Artix-7 FPGA. The proposed PC considers only 4 clock cycles to classify the incoming packets and provides 74.95 Gbps throughput. The comparative results in terms of hardware utilization and performance efficiency of proposed work with existing similar PC approaches are analyzed with better constraints improvement.
                                
                             
                         
                     
                    
                                            
                        
                            Smart transit payment for university campus transportation using RFID card system 
                        
                        Marion Olubunmi Adebiyi; 
Roseline Oluwaseun Ogundokun; 
Alabo Inatimi Nathus; 
Emmanuel Abidemi Adeniyi                        
                         International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE) Vol 11, No 5: October 2021 
                        
                        Publisher : Institute of Advanced Engineering and Science 
                        
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                                    DOI: 10.11591/ijece.v11i5.pp4353-4360                                
                                                    
                        
                            
                                
                                
                                    
In the transportation business, we aim to be cost-efficient and effective in our customer service but with the traditional transit payment system, it is not so. Lately, transit companies all over the world are moving towards superior client service, nimbleness, receptiveness to necessities that diverge at a time scale that was absurd even two decades ago. The aim of this study was to create an electronic transit payment system that will allow for full pliability and solutions functionality that Covenant Universities and Nigerian transit companies should adopt to become more effective and efficient. We achieved this with the use of radio frequency identification (RFID) smart cards and card readers aiding a computer program that was programmed using C#. In addition, the program was simple and not expensive to implement in order to eliminate the mismanagement of ticket funds, loiter paper in bus stations, and so on. Together all this became our payment system.
                                
                             
                         
                     
                    
                                            
                        
                            Maximum convergence algorithm for WiFi based indoor positioning system 
                        
                        Vinh Truong-Quang; 
Thong Ho-Sy                        
                         International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE) Vol 11, No 5: October 2021 
                        
                        Publisher : Institute of Advanced Engineering and Science 
                        
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                                    DOI: 10.11591/ijece.v11i5.pp4027-4036                                
                                                    
                        
                            
                                
                                
                                    
WiFi-based indoor positioning is widely exploited thanks to the existing WiFi infrastructure in buildings and built-in sensors in smartphones. The techniques for indoor positioning require the high-density training data to archive high accuracy with high computation complexity. In this paper, the approach for indoor positioning systems which is called the maximum convergence algorithm is proposed to find the accurate location by the strongest receiver signal in the small cluster and K nearest neighbours (KNN) of other clusters. Also, the K-mean clustering is deployed for each access point to reduce the computation complexity of the offline databases. Moreover, the pedestrian dead reckoning (PDR) method and Kalman filter with the information from the received signal strength (RSS) and inertial sensors are applied to the WiFi fingerprinting to increase the efficiency of the mobile object's position. The different experiments are performed to compare the proposed algorithm with the others using KNN and PDR. The recommended framework demonstrates significant proceed based on the results. The average precision of this system can be lower than 1.02 meters when testing in the laboratory environment with an area of 7x7 m using three access points.
                                
                             
                         
                     
                    
                                            
                        
                            Study on viscosity induced contrast in ultrasound color flow imaging of carotid atherosclerosis 
                        
                        A. B. M. Aowlad Hossain; 
Dabasish Kumar Saha; 
Zubair Ahmed Ratan                        
                         International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE) Vol 11, No 5: October 2021 
                        
                        Publisher : Institute of Advanced Engineering and Science 
                        
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                                    DOI: 10.11591/ijece.v11i5.pp4059-4068                                
                                                    
                        
                            
                                
                                
                                    
Efficient imaging of blood flow disturbances resulted from carotid atherosclerosis plays a vital role clinically to predict brain stroke risk. Carotid atherosclerosis and its development is closely linked with raised blood viscosity. Therefore, study of viscosity changing hemodynamic effect has importance and it might be useful for improved examination of carotid atherosclerosis incorporating the viscosity induced contrast in conventional ultrasound imaging. This work considered the design of realistic models of atherosclerotic carotid artery of different stages and solved to compute the hemodisturbances using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) by finite element method (FEM) to investigate viscosity changes effect. Ultrasound color flow image of velocities of blood have been constructed using phase shift information estimated with autocorrelation of Hilbert transformed simulated backscattered radiofrequency (RF) signals from moving blood particles. The simulated ultrasound images have been compared with CFD simulation images and identified a good match between them. The atherosclerosis stages of the models have been investigated from the estimated velocity data. It has been observed that the blood velocities increase noticeably in carotid atherosclerotic growths and velocity distribution changes with viscosity variations. It is also found importantly that the viscosity induced contrast associated to atherosclerosis is detectable in ultrasound color flow imaging. The findings of this work might be useful for better investigation of carotid atherosclerosis as well as prediction of its progression to reduce the stroke risk.
                                
                             
                         
                     
                    
                                            
                        
                            New 2-D interleaving grouping LBC applied on image transmission 
                        
                        Wurod Qasim Mohamed; 
Marwa Al–Sultani; 
Haraa Raheem Hatem                        
                         International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE) Vol 11, No 5: October 2021 
                        
                        Publisher : Institute of Advanced Engineering and Science 
                        
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                                    DOI: 10.11591/ijece.v11i5.pp4241-4249                                
                                                    
                        
                            
                                
                                
                                    
The modern technologies of the image transmission look for ultra-reducing of the error transmission in addition to enhancing the security over a wireless communication channel. This paper is applied and discussed two different techniques to achieve these requirements, which are linear block code (LBC) and two-dimensions (2-D) interleaving approach. We investigate a new approach of 2-D interleaving that increases the security of the image transmission and helps to diminution the bit error probability (BER). Using an investigated 2-D interleaving grouping LBC approach on image transmission, the system achieves a higher-security information and a better BER comparing with the other systems. It was done by means of peak signal to noise ratio (PSNR) and histogram analysis tests. Simulation results state these enhancements.