International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering
International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE, ISSN: 2088-8708, a SCOPUS indexed Journal, SNIP: 1.001; SJR: 0.296; CiteScore: 0.99; SJR & CiteScore Q2 on both of the Electrical & Electronics Engineering, and Computer Science) is the official publication of the Institute of Advanced Engineering and Science (IAES). The journal is open to submission from scholars and experts in the wide areas of electrical, electronics, instrumentation, control, telecommunication and computer engineering from the global world.
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Average symbol error rate analysis of reconfigurable intelligent surfaces-assisted free-space optical link over log-normal turbulence channels
Duong Huu Ai;
Cong Dat Vuong;
Dai Tho Dang
International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE) Vol 13, No 1: February 2023
Publisher : Institute of Advanced Engineering and Science
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DOI: 10.11591/ijece.v13i1.pp571-578
Optical wireless communication (OWC) has attracted significant interest recently in academia and industry. Free-space optical (FSO) communication systems are where free space acts as a communication channel between transceivers that are line of sight (LOS) for the successful transmission of optical signals. The FSO transmissions through the atmosphere, nevertheless, bring significant challenges, besides the uncertainty of atmospheric channels, especially the signal fading due to the atmospheric turbulence, attenuation and pointing errors caused by the random beam misalignments between transceivers, signal obstruction due to buildings or trees can pre-vent the transmitted message to reach the destination. This study theoretically investigates the average symbol error rate (ASER) of reconfigurable intelligent surfaces (RIS) assisted FSO link over log-normal turbulence channels. The RIS effect is examined by considering the influence of link distance, transmitted optical power, and quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) scheme on the ASER.
A 27-MHz frequency shift keying wireless system resilient to in-band interference for wireless sensing applications
Thannatorn Boonrungruedee;
Phanumas Khumsat
International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE) Vol 13, No 1: February 2023
Publisher : Institute of Advanced Engineering and Science
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DOI: 10.11591/ijece.v13i1.pp169-183
A 27-MHz wireless system with binary frequency shift keying (BFSK) modulation at 400-kHz is reported. The receiver has been designed to handle in-band interference corrupting the BFSK signal with the use of complex filters and amplitude comparison method. The BFSK modulation is carried out with a voltage-controlled oscillator before up-converting with a 27-MHz local oscillator. The bipolar junction transistors (BJT-based) power amplifier with 30% efficiency pumps 220 mW into a spiral antenna. The inductive-degenerated low-noise amplifier with a voltage of more than 30 dB amplifies an incoming signal before feeding into a mixer for complex direct down conversion. With deliberate Gaussian interference injection, the minimum ratios between the signal with interference and the interference only at the distance of 2.5, 10 and 15 m are 3.3, 8.5 and 11.5 dB, respectively at a maximum data rate of 20 kbps. Without any interference included, the system can achieve a data rate of 40 kbps at the maximum transmission distance of 15 m. Conceptually agreed with the presented bit-error-rate (BER) analysis, the BER measurements with Gaussian and single-tone/two-tone in-band interferences also confirm superiority offered by the amplitude comparison method where the signal-to-noise ratio is at 1 dB for BER=10-3 at 10 kbps (10 dB better than the phase detection counterpart).
An algorithm for obtaining the frequency and the times of respiratory phases from nasal and oral acoustic signals
Guillermo Kemper;
Angel Oshita;
Ricardo Parra;
Carlos Herrera
International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE) Vol 13, No 1: February 2023
Publisher : Institute of Advanced Engineering and Science
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DOI: 10.11591/ijece.v13i1.pp358-373
This work proposes a computational algorithm which extracts the frequency, timings and signal segments corresponding to respiratory phases, through buccal and nasal acoustic signal processing. The proposal offers a computational solution for medical applications which require on-site or remote patient monitoring and evaluation of pulmonary pathologies, such as coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19). The state of the art presents a few respiratory evaluation proposals through buccal and nasal acoustic signals. Most proposals focus on respiratory signals acquired by a medical professional, using stethoscopes and electrodes located on the thorax. In this case the signal acquisition process is carried out through the use of a low cost and easy to use mask, which is equipped with strategically positioned and connected electret microphones, to maximize the proposed algorithm’s performance. The algorithm employs signal processing techniques such as signal envelope detection, decimation, fast Fourier transform (FFT) and detection of peaks and time intervals via estimation of local maxima and minima in a signal’s envelope. For the validation process a database of 32 signals of different respiratory modes and frequencies was used. Results show a maximum average error of 2.23% for breathing rate, 2.81% for expiration time and 3.47% for inspiration time.
Optimal power flow solution with current injection model of generalized interline power flow controller using ameliorated ant lion optimization
Mallala Balasubbareddy;
Divyanshi Dwivedi;
Garikamukkala Venkata Krishna Murthy;
Kotte Sowjan Kumar
International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE) Vol 13, No 1: February 2023
Publisher : Institute of Advanced Engineering and Science
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DOI: 10.11591/ijece.v13i1.pp1060-1077
Optimal power flow (OPF) solutions with generalized interline power flow controller (GIPFC) devices play an imperative role in enhancing the power system’s performance. This paper used a novel ant lion optimization (ALO) algorithm which is amalgamated with Lévy flight operator, and an effectual algorithm is proposed named as, ameliorated ant lion optimization (AALO) algorithm. It is being implemented to solve single objective OPF problem with the latest flexible alternating current transmission system (FACTS) controller named as GIPFC. GIPFC can control a couple of transmission lines concurrently and it also helps to control the sending end voltage. In this paper, current injection modeling of GIPFC is being incorporated in conventional Newton-Raphson (NR) load flow to improve voltage of the buses and focuses on minimizing the considered objectives such as generation fuel cost, emissions, and total power losses by fulfilling equality, in-equality. For optimal allocation of GIPFC, a novel Lehmann-Symanzik-Zimmermann (LSZ) approach is considered. The proposed algorithm is validated on single benchmark test functions such as Sphere, Rastrigin function then the proposed algorithm with GIPFC has been testified on standard IEEE-30 bus system.
Solving multiple sequence alignment problems by using a swarm intelligent optimization based approach
Tirumala Paruchuri;
Gangadhara Rao Kancharla;
Suresh Dara
International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE) Vol 13, No 1: February 2023
Publisher : Institute of Advanced Engineering and Science
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DOI: 10.11591/ijece.v13i1.pp1097-1104
In this article, the alignment of multiple sequences is examined through swarm intelligence based an improved particle swarm optimization (PSO). A random heuristic technique for solving discrete optimization problems and realistic estimation was recently discovered in PSO. The PSO approach is a nature-inspired technique based on intelligence and swarm movement. Thus, each solution is encoded as “chromosomes” in the genetic algorithm (GA). Based on the optimization of the objective function, the fitness function is designed to maximize the suitable components of the sequence and reduce the unsuitable components of the sequence. The availability of a public benchmark data set such as the Bali base is seen as an assessment of the proposed system performance, with the potential for PSO to reveal problems in adapting to better performance. This proposed system is compared with few existing approaches such as deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) or ribonucleic acid (RNA) alignment (DIALIGN), PILEUP8, hidden Markov model training (HMMT), rubber band technique-genetic algorithm (RBT-GA) and ML-PIMA. In many cases, the experimental results are well implemented in the proposed system compared to other existing approaches.
Working with cryptographic key information
Nurullaev Mirkhon Mukhammadovich;
Aloev Rakhmatillo Djuraevich
International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE) Vol 13, No 1: February 2023
Publisher : Institute of Advanced Engineering and Science
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DOI: 10.11591/ijece.v13i1.pp911-919
It is important to create a cryptographic system such that the encryption system does not depend on the secret storage of the algorithm that is part of it, but only on the private key that is kept secret. In practice, key management is a separate area of cryptography, which is considered a problematic area. This paper describes the main characteristics of working with cryptographic key information. In that, the formation of keys and working with cryptographic key information are stored on external media. The random-number generator for generating random numbers used for cryptographic key generation is elucidated. To initialize the sensor, a source of external entropy, mechanism “Electronic Roulette” (biological random number), is used. The generated random bits were checked on the basis of National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) statistical tests. As a result of the survey, the sequence of random bits was obtained from the tests at a value of P≥0.01. The value of P is between 0 and 1, and the closer the value of P is to 1, the more random the sequence of bits is generated. This means that random bits that are generated based on the proposed algorithm can be used in cryptography to generate crypto-resistant keys.
Empirical analysis of polarization division multiplexing-dense wavelength division multiplexing hybrid multiplexing techniques for channel capacity enhancement
Sabiqun Nahar;
Md. Redowan Mahmud Arnob;
Mohammad Nasir Uddin
International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE) Vol 13, No 1: February 2023
Publisher : Institute of Advanced Engineering and Science
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DOI: 10.11591/ijece.v13i1.pp590-600
This paper exemplifies dense wavelength division multiplexing combined with polarization division multiplexing with C-band frequency range-based single-mode fiber. In the proposed link, 32 independent channels with 16 individual wavelengths are multiplexed with two different angles of polarization. Each carrying 130 Gbps dual-polarization data with 200 GHz channel spacing claiming a net transmission rate of 4.16 Tbits/s with spectral efficiency of 69% with 20% side-mode-suppression-ratio (SMSR) and optical signal to noise ratio (OSNR) 40.7. The performance of the proposed techniques has been analyzed using optimized system parameters securing a minimum bit error rate (BER) 10-9 at a transmission distance up to 50 km.
Development of a microcontroller based automobile speed limiting device and alarm control system
Oluwaseun Ibrahim Adebisi;
Isaiah Adediji Adejumobi;
Folasade Olayinka Durodola;
Haastrup Ayobami Jim
International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE) Vol 13, No 1: February 2023
Publisher : Institute of Advanced Engineering and Science
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DOI: 10.11591/ijece.v13i1.pp195-206
Road accident due to overspeeding is a common occurrence in a developing nation such as Nigeria. Therefore, the need for a device capable of notifying a vehicle driver when the allowed speed limit of an area is exceeded arises. In this work, a microcontroller based automobile speed limiting device and alarm control system was designed and developed. The core components employed for the system design include Arduino Nano microcontroller, 1602 liquid crystal displays (LCD) module, light-emitting diodes (LEDs), buzzer, 18650 battery, I2C, infrared detectors and push buttons. Data gathering and circuit designs were implemented with microcontroller as focal point using suitable design models. Performance test was carried out on the developed system and the device’s reading error was determined. The developed automobile speed limiting device and alarm control system was functional and performed satisfactorily during testing. The reading error of the device was evaluated as 5.83%. The developed speed limiting device, apart from being suitable and efficient for vehicle speed measurement, could also be deployed for general applications requiring speed measurement.
Keratoviz-A multistage keratoconus severity analysis and visualization using deep learning and class activated maps
Priya Dhinakaran;
Mamatha Gowdra Shivanandappa;
Srijan Devnath
International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE) Vol 13, No 1: February 2023
Publisher : Institute of Advanced Engineering and Science
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DOI: 10.11591/ijece.v13i1.pp920-935
The detection of keratoconus has been a difficult and arduous process over the years for ophthalmologists who have devised traditional approaches of diagnosis including the slit-lamp examination and observation of thinning of the corneal. The main contribution of this paper is using deep learning models namely Resnet50 and EfficientNet to not just detect whether an eye has been infected with keratoconus or not but also accurately detect the stages of infection namely mild, moderate, and advanced. The dataset used consists of corneal topographic maps and pentacam images. Individually the models achieved 97% and 94% accuracy on the dataset. We have also employed class activated maps (CAM) to observe and help visualize which areas of the images are utilized when making classifications for the different stages of keratoconus. Using deep learning models to predict the detection and severity of the infection can drastically speed up and provide accurate results at the same time.
Characterization of cadmium sulfide light dependent resistors sensors for optical solar trackers
Youssef Boukdir;
Hamid El Omari
International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE) Vol 13, No 1: February 2023
Publisher : Institute of Advanced Engineering and Science
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DOI: 10.11591/ijece.v13i1.pp184-194
The aim of this paper is to study the effect of dissimilarity of the intrinsic characteristics of the light dependent resistor (LDRs) on optical sun tracking systems, designed for solar power concentration applications such as parabolic trough collectors, Fresnel mirrors concentrators, and concentrated photovoltaic, a comparative study was done between a sun tracker based on LDRs chosen randomly with and without an initial calibration of the offsets, and a sun tracker based on LDRs selected meticulously thanks to a black box test bench, developed especially for this purpose. By choosing two light dependent resistors randomly, the dissimilarity between them can reach 23.2%, which cause a bad sun tracking even with initial offset calibration, in the other hand, and by the use of selected LDRs using the test bench, the dissimilarity drops to 0.06%, which meets requirements of solar power concentration systems.