cover
Contact Name
Sunny Wangko
Contact Email
sunnypatriciawangko@gmail.com
Phone
+628124455733
Journal Mail Official
sunnypatriciawangko@gmail.com
Editorial Address
medscopej@gmail.com
Location
Kota manado,
Sulawesi utara
INDONESIA
Medical Scope Journal (MSJ)
ISSN : -     EISSN : 27153312     DOI : https://doi.org/10.35790/msj
Core Subject : Health, Science,
Medical Scope Journal (MSJ) diterbitkan oleh Perhimpunan Ahli Anatomi Indonesia (PAAI) Komisariat Manado bekerjasama dengan Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Sam Ratulangi dua kali setahun pada bulan Juni dan Desember. Tulisan yang dimuat dapat berupa artikel telaah (review article), hasil penelitian, dan laporan kasus dalam bidang ilmu kedokteran baik dalam bahasa Indonesia maupun dalam bahasa Inggris.
Articles 16 Documents
Search results for , issue "Vol. 7 No. 2 (2025): Medical Scope Journal" : 16 Documents clear
Selective Embolization of Arteriovenous Malformation in Gross Hematuria Post-Renorrhaphy: A Case Report Tangkilisan, Adrian; Sukanto, Wega; Paat, Rigel; Iskandar, Edward
Medical Scope Journal Vol. 7 No. 2 (2025): Medical Scope Journal
Publisher : Universitas Sam Ratulangi

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.35790/msj.v7i2.58642

Abstract

Abstract: Management approaches for renal trauma vary from conservative methods for contusions to surgical interventions for severe injuries. Postoperative renal artery embolization (RAE) is crucial to control bleeding and preserve renal parenchymal tissue integrity. We reported a patient presented with hematuria 30 minutes after sustaining a stab wound to the right waist, accompanied by severe pain, dizziness, and cold sweats. Physical examination revealed a penetrating wound in the right flank, gross hematuria, and signs of hypovolemic shock. The patient was diagnosed with grade II hypovolemic shock due to a renal laceration and duodenal rupture, initial resuscitation and conservative management were followed by exploratory laparotomy and renorrhaphy. Persistent gross hematuria post-renorrhaphy necessitated embolization. Hypovolemic shock resulted from significant bleeding from duodenal and renal lacerations. Renorrhaphy effectively minimized renal parenchymal damage without urine extravasation. Subsequent angiography revealed gross hematuria, indicating renal arteriovenous malformation (AVM). Embolization using a vortex coil successfully managed bleeding from large vessels and improved perfusion in the lesion area. In conclusion, renal trauma poses serious risks, including hypotension and hemorrhagic shock. Prompt resuscitation followed by surgical repair and angiographic embolization are essential. Embolization remains a generally safe and effective method for achieving selective hemostasis in such cases. Keywords: renal trauma; gross hematuria; renorrhaphy; renal-artery embolization
Profil Pasien dengan Gangguan Elektrolit yang Dirawat di Ruang Perawatan Intensif Sumule, Vania S. P.; Laihad, Mordekhai L.; Kambey, Barry I.
Medical Scope Journal Vol. 7 No. 2 (2025): Medical Scope Journal
Publisher : Universitas Sam Ratulangi

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.35790/msj.v7i2.58877

Abstract

Abstract: Electrolyte disturbance is a common health problem in critical patients in the Intensive Care Unit (ICU). These disorders can cause serious complications and contribute to increased morbidity and mortality. This study aimed to determine the description of electrolyte disturbances experienced by patients in the ICU of Prof. Dr. R. D. Kandou Hospital. This was an observational study with a retrospective design involving 252 patients admitted to the ICU with electrolyte disturbances from January to June 2023. Data were obtained from medical records and analyzed descriptively. The results showed that hyponatremia was the most common electrolyte disorder (65.1%), followed by hypokalemia (48%), hypochloremia (53.6%), hypocalcemia (61.5%), and hyperphosphatemia (40.5%). The highest incidence was in the age group >65 years (18.7% for hyponatremia and hypocalcemia). The majority of patients were male. The most common disease diagnosis was sepsis. In conclusion, hyponatremia and hypocalcemia are the main electrolyte disorders in critical patients in the ICU of Prof. Dr. R. D. Kandou Hospital. The high-risk group is elderly men with sepsis. Close monitoring of electrolytes needs to be done especially in patients with these conditions to prevent fatal complications. Keywords: electrolyte disturbance; hyponatremia; hypocalcemia   Abstrak: Gangguan elektrolit merupakan masalah yang sering terjadi pada pasien kritis di Intensive Care Unit (ICU). Penelitian ini bertujuan mengetahui profil pasien dengan gangguan elektrolit di ICU RSUP Prof. Dr. R. D. Kandou. Jenis penelitian ialah observasional retrospektif dan pendekatan kuantitatif. Sampel penelitian ialah 252 pasien dengan gangguan elektrolit yang dirawat di ICU RSUP Prof. Dr. R. D. Kandou periode Januari-Juni 2023. Pengambilan sampel dilakukan secara purposive sampling. Variabel yang diteliti meliputi jenis gangguan elektrolit, karakteristik pasien (usia, jenis kelamin), diagnosis penyakit, dan lama rawat inap. Data dikumpulkan dari rekam medis dan dianalisis secara deskriptif. Hasil penelitian mendapatkan gangguan elektrolit terbanyak ialah hiponatremia (65,1%) dan hipokalsemia (61,5%). Kelompok usia >65 tahun (18,7%) dan laki-laki lebih banyak mengalami gangguan elektrolit, dan diagnosis tersering ialah sepsis. Rerata lama rawat inap pasien 1-7 hari. Simpulan penelitian ini ialah hiponatremia dan hipokalsemia merupakan gangguan elektrolit yang paling umum terjadi pada pasien ICU RSUP Prof. Dr. R. D. Kandou. Pasien usia lanjut dan sepsis berisiko tinggi mengalami gangguan elektrolit. Kata kunci: gangguan elektrolit; hiponatremia; hipokalsemia
Penetrating Head Injury by a Key: A Case Report Oley, Maximillian C.; Prasetyo, Eko; Tjungkagi, Ferdinan; Manuhutu, Yovanka N.; Sitorus, Edwin H.
Medical Scope Journal Vol. 7 No. 2 (2025): Medical Scope Journal
Publisher : Universitas Sam Ratulangi

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.35790/msj.v7i2.59224

Abstract

Abstract: Penetrating head injury is defined as head trauma caused by an object that penetrates the skull and the underlying duramater. We reported a 22-year-old man who came to the hospital with a motorcycle key stuck into the back of his head after a fight with his friend approximately one hour before admission. The patient was fully conscious. History of projectile vomiting, and seizures were denied, and there were no other neurological deficits. Blindly removing the key can damage the neural tissue and can cause secondary injury to the brain and surrounding blood vessels. The primary goal of treatment for patients with suspected traumatic brain injury is to prevent secondary brain injury and infection. The removal of the object safely, debridement of the damaged parenchyma, removal of the hematoma, and closure of the injured dura and skin are the main goals of surgical treatment for penetrating head injuries. In this case, motor key evacuation was performed followed by craniotomy and debridement. The prognosis was good, and there was no neurological deficit. In conclusion, complete and adequate care is essential for patients with penetrating brain injuries. The strategy for treating these injuries is primarily surgery with the aim of preventing secondary brain injury and infection. According to existing research, antibiotics should be given for an indefinite period after surgery. Keywords: penetrating head injury; motorcycle key
Evaluation of Clinical Outcomes in Sport Participants Undergoing Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction Rawung, Rangga B. V.; Lengkong, Andriessanto C.; Lampus, Harsali F.; Bagy, Raynald G.; Sundah, Antony B. M.; Tooy, Christorei D.
Medical Scope Journal Vol. 7 No. 2 (2025): Medical Scope Journal
Publisher : Universitas Sam Ratulangi

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.35790/msj.v7i2.59451

Abstract

Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury is one of the most common musculoskeletal injuries. Evaluating the clinical outcomes of the ACL reconstruction (ACLR) procedure is essential to provide information regarding the benefits of this procedure. This study aimed to assess the clinical outcomes of patients who underwent ACLR at Prof. Dr. R. D. Kandou Hospital Manado. This was a retrospective study. Secondary data were collected from all athlete patients who underwent ACLR. The ACLR procedure was performed by a single operator following the standard arthroscopic procedure. All grafts used Hamstring grafts (gracilis and semitendinosus). Suspense fixation was done using a button, while tibial fixation was done with interference fixation (bioabsorbable screw). Patients were evaluated over a short period, specifically at three months, six months, and nine months. Outcome parameters were assessed using the Visual Analog Scale (VAS), Range of Motion (ROM), Lachman test, Anterior Drawer test, and Knee Functional Score (KFS). Any complications that arose were documented. The results showed that among 21 patients at Prof. Dr. R. D. Kandou Hospital Manado, it was found that ACL injuries were more common in physically active men, especially in the age group of 26-30 years. Most patients who underwent ACLR had serious injuries that required immediate treatment. Hamstring graft was the most common choice (85.7%). Knee stiffness was the most common complication and required special attention during the rehabilitation program. Based on KFS, most patients successfully achieved good knee function recovery. There was a decrease in the VAS score reflecting the effectiveness of the procedure in reducing postoperative pain. There was an increase in the KSS reflecting the success of ACLR in restoring knee stability and function to almost normal levels. In conclusion, anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction in sport participants showed significant improvements in knee mobility and pain reduction, with low complications. Keywords: anterior cruciate ligament injury; anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction; graft fixation
Cervical Approach for Retrosternal Struma: A Case Report Tandililing, Sherly; Sipayung, Edwin Z.
Medical Scope Journal Vol. 7 No. 2 (2025): Medical Scope Journal
Publisher : Universitas Sam Ratulangi

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.35790/msj.v7i2.58670

Abstract

Abstract: Retrosternal struma is the inclusion of the thyroid gland into the thoracic cavity. Combined access with a neck incision and chest incision or only a neck incision to free the tumor from the chest cavity and avoid damage to surrounding tissues, makes treatment of substernal struma a challenge both preoperatively and during surgery. Systematic technique minimizes the need for sternotomy, even in patients with significant intra thoracic components, and keeps severe complication rates at levels comparable to those of conventional thyroidectomy. We reported a 46-year-old woman complaining of lumps on the right and left neck for six years. The masses were found on the right side of the neck (10x6cm) and on the left side of the neck (4x3cm), which were hard consistency, well-defined, immobile, skin-colored, painless, and moving when swallowing. CT-scan showed a solid mass struma that had entered the superior thoracic aperture. Total thyroidectomy was performed through cervical approach with a good outcome. In conclusion, total thyroidectomy through a cervical approach is able to remove the entire thyroid gland tissue extending to the retrosternal region with a good outcome without performing a sternotomy. Keywords: retrosternal struma; thyroidectomy; cervical approach
Manajemen Sindrom Koroner Kronik: Laporan Kasus Rampengan, Starry H.; Cahyono, Alvin E.
Medical Scope Journal Vol. 7 No. 2 (2025): Medical Scope Journal
Publisher : Universitas Sam Ratulangi

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.35790/msj.v7i2.59509

Abstract

Abstract: Over the last decades, the management of chronic coronary syndromes (CCS) has improved rapidly that contributes in the decreasing of cardiovascular mortality. After myocardial infarction, the patient’s condition can improve with the usage of reperfusion therapy with thrombolysis or primary angioplasty and preventive treatment with aspirin and antiplatelet agents, statin, beta-blockers, and renin-angiotensin antagonists. Moreover, percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) can improve the survival of patients suffering from acute coronary syndrome (ACS). We reported a 49-year-old man, who complained of chest pain for the last one year, which worsened with activity. One day before hospitalization, the chest pain worsened. The patient was diagnosed with CCS CCS (Chronic Coronary Syndrome Canadian Cardiovascular Society) II-III, GERD, hyponatremia, dyslipidemia, hyperuricemia, and dyspepsia. After further examination, a RF-CL of 20% (moderate) was obtained. A Dobutamine Stress Echocardiography examination was carried out resulting a positive ischemic response, then DCA-PCI was performed. The patient went home without any complaints. The management of this patient from diagnosis to therapy is in accordance with the ESC CCS 2024 guidelines. In conclusion, regarding the importance of acute chest pain management, patients with chest pain should not be underestimated and there are many modalities that can be used to confirm the diagnosis of chronic coronary syndromes. Keywords: chronic coronary syndrome; dobutamin stress echocardiography; percutaneous coronary intervention; risk factor-clinical likelihood   Abstrak: Selama beberapa dekade terakhir, manajemen sindrom koroner kronis telah meningkat pesat yang menyebabkan mortalitas kardiovaskular telah menurun secara stabil. Kondisi pasien setelah infark miokard dapat menjadi lebih optimal dengan adanya terapi reperfusi dengan trombolisis atau angioplasti primer dan terapi pencegahan seperti aspirin dan agen antiplatelet lainnya, statin, beta-blocker, dan antagonis renin-angiotensin. Intervensi koroner perkutan (IKP) dapat meningkatkan kelangsungan hidup pasien yang mengalami sindrom koroner akut (SKA). Kami melaporkan seorang laki-laki berusia 49 tahun, dengan keluhan nyeri dada sejak 1 tahun terakhir, diperberat dengan aktivitas. Sehari sebelum masuk rumah sakit, nyeri dada dirasakan memberat. Pasien didiagnosis dengan sindroma koroner kronik CCS CCS (Chronic Coronary Syndrome Canadian Cardiovascular Society) II-III, GERD, hiponatremia, dislipidemia, hiperurisemia, dan dispepsia. Pada pemeriksaan lanjut, didapatkan RF-CL 20% (moderate), kemudian dilakukan pemeriksaan dobutamin stress echocardiography dan didapatkan hasil iskemik respons positif, sehingga dilanjutkan dengan IKP. Penatalaksanaan pasien ini sejak konfirmasi diagnosis sampai terapi telah sesuai dengan Guidelines ESC CCS 2024. Pasien dipulangkan dengan tidak ada keluhan. Simpulan kasus ini ialah terkait tatalaksana nyeri dada akut, pasien dengan nyeri dada tidak boleh diremehkan, dan telah banyak modalitas yang dapat digunakan untuk mendiagnosis sindroma koroner kronik. Kata kunci: sindrom koroner kronik; dobutamin stress echocardiography; intervensi koroner perkutan; risk factor-clinical likelihood
Kecemasan pada Remaja yang Hamil di Luar Nikah Rahayu, Widya; Kartini, Farida; Askuri, Askuri
Medical Scope Journal Vol. 7 No. 2 (2025): Medical Scope Journal
Publisher : Universitas Sam Ratulangi

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.35790/msj.v7i2.56534

Abstract

Abstract: Teenagers with premarital pregnancy can experience more stress, feelings of helplessness, hopelessness, depression, suicidal willingness, feelings of failure, and loss of self-esteem. This study aimed to analyze the anxiety in teenagers who were pregnant before marriage in Manado. This was a mixed method study with quantitative sampling technique using total sampling (67 samples). The instrument used for quantitative research was the PASS questionnaire. Qualitative samples obtained from the results of quantitative research with purposive sampling technique, the type of research used phenomenology. Quantitative data were analyzed univariately and bivariately. The results showed that the highest percentages were found in age 15-18 years (71.6%), senior high school education (59.7%), gestational age of second trimester of pregnancy (46.3%) and third trimester of pregnancy (44.8%). The qualitative analysis obtained four major themes, namely: the anxiety of adolescents with premarital pregnancy, the impact of pregnancy, the experience of adolescents, the factors of premarital pregnancy. The chi-square test for the relationship between anxiety level and premarital pregnancy had a p-value of 0.040. In conclusion, there is a relationship between anxiety level and premarital pregnancy in adolescents in Manado. The contributing factors are inappropriate parents and couple support, and readiness for being pregnancy. Keywords: anxiety; adolescents; pre-marital pregnancy    Abstrak: Remaja hamil di luar nikah lebih mengalami stres, perasaan tidak berdaya, putus asa, depresi, keinginan bunuh diri, merasa diri gagal, serta kehilangan harga diri. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis kecemasan pada remaja hamil di luar nikah di Kota Manado. Penelitian ini menggunakan mixed method dengan pendekatan explanatory sequential design. Populasi dan sampel yakni remaja usia 15-24 tahun yang hamil di luar nikah di Kota Manado. Desain kuantitatif yaitu deskriptif analitik. Pengambilan sampel kuantitatif menggunakan total sampling berjumlah 67 sampel. Instrumen penelitian yaitu kuesioner PASS. Sampel kualitatif berasal dari hasil penelitian kuantitatif dengan purposive sampling, dan jenis penelitian fenomenologi. Analisis data kuantitatif secara univariat dan bivariat. Hasil penelitian mendapatkan persentase tertinggi pada kategori usia remaja 15-18 tahun (71,6%), pendidikan SMA (59,7%), serta usia kehamilan trimester II (46,3%) dan trimester III (44,8%). Hasil analisis kualitatif mendapatkan  empat tema besar, yaitu: kecemasan remaja yang hamil di luar nikah, dampak hamil, pengalaman remaja, dan faktor terjadinya kehamilan di luar nikah. Hasil uji chi-square terhadap hubungan antara tingkat kecemasan dengan hamil di luar nikah mendapatkan nilai p=0,040. Simpulan penelitian ini terdapat hubungan bermakna antara tingkat kecemasan dengan remaja hamil di luar nikah di Kota Manado. Faktor yang memengaruhi kecemasan pada remaja hamil yakni kurangnya dukungan keluarga dan pasangan, dan kesiapan menjalani kehamilan. Kata kunci: kecemasan; remaja; hamil di luar nikah
Efficacy and Safety of Drug Elution Bead-Transarterial Chemoembolization in Advanced Soft Tissue Sarcoma Albert, Albert; Manginstar, Christian O.; Saleh, Denny; Merung, Marselus A.
Medical Scope Journal Vol. 7 No. 2 (2025): Medical Scope Journal
Publisher : Universitas Sam Ratulangi

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.35790/msj.v7i2.58794

Abstract

Abstract: Soft-tissue sarcomas (STS) are rare and heterogeneous tumors originating from mesenchymal tissues. While surgical resection remains the primary treatment, not all patients are eligible for surgery, particularly in advanced stages. Drug-eluting bead transarterial chemoemboli zation (DEB-TACE) is a promising therapeutic option for such cases. This retrospective study evaluated the efficacy and safety of DEB-TACE in 30 patients with advanced STS at Prof. Dr. R. D. Kandou Hospital, Manado, from 2020 to 2023. The overall response rate (ORR) was 76.7% (p<0.05), with five patients achieving complete response and 18 showing partial response. The main adverse reactions included post-embolization syndrome (fever, pain, nausea, vomiting) and grade II or higher bone marrow suppression. Despite a morbidity rate of 93.3%, no treatment-related mortality was observed. In conclusion, DEB-TACE is an effective and safe treatment for advanced STS, providing superior short-term efficacy compared to traditional systemic chemotherapy. Keywords: soft tissue sarcoma; drug eluting bead; transarterial chemoembolization
Gambaran Pola Luka dan Prevalensi Kasus Kecelakaan Lalu Lintas di Bagian Ilmu Kedokteran Forensik dan Medikolegal RSUP Prof. Dr. R. D. Kandou Manado Tahun 2022-2023 Tulung, Margaretha A.; Kristanto, Erwin G.; Tomuka, Djemi
Medical Scope Journal Vol. 7 No. 2 (2025): Medical Scope Journal
Publisher : Universitas Sam Ratulangi

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.35790/msj.v7i2.59606

Abstract

Abstract: Traffic accidents have become one of the health problems causing various material and non-material losses. Victims of traffic accidents can suffer from minor injuries to potentially fatal ones. Patient data on traffic accident cases, including injury patterns, plays a significant role for medical institutions, law enforcement, and the community. These injury patterns may vary among different regions due to various factors. This study aimed to determine the pattern of wounds and the prevalence of traffic accident cases in the Department of Forensic Medicine and Medicolegal at Prof. Dr. R. D. Kandou Hospital Manado in the years 2022-2023. This was a descriptive and retrospective study, using secondary data from Visum et Repertum (VeR) reports of deceased victims due to traffic accident. The results showed that the total number of victims was 36 cases, with 28 victims meeting the inclusion-exclusion criteria. Throughout the years 2022-2023, the highest number of cases occurred in March, with a total of six fatalities. The majority of victims were male, and the most common age group was 17-25 years old (28.57%). The most frequently type of injury was abrasion (54.7%), primarily located on the head and face. The majority of victims were drivers (28.5%), with motorcycles being the most commonly involved vehicles. In conclusion, the majority of cases were male, age group 17-25 years, had abrasion primary located on the head and face, and roled as motorcycle drivers. Keywords: traffic accident; pattern of wounds   Abstrak: Kecelakaan lalu lintas (KLL) menjadi salah satu penyebab masalah kesehatan yang menyebabkan berbagai kerugian material dan non material. Korban KLL dapat mengalami cedera ringan hingga berpotensi menyebabkan kematian. Keberadaan data pasien kasus kecelakaan lalu lintas berupa karakteristik dan gambaran pola luka, memiliki peran signifikan bagi instansi medis, aparat hukum, dan masyarakat. Gambaran pola luka dapat mengalami perbedaan antara korban kecelakaan lalu lintas di suatu daerah dengan daerah yang lain karena berbagai faktor. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui gambaran pola luka dan prevalensi kasus KLL di Bagian Ilmu Kedokteran Forensik dan Medikolegal RSUP Prof. Dr. R. D. Kandou Manado pada tahun 2022-2023. Jenis penelitian ialah deskriptif retrospektif, menggunakan data sekunder dari Visum et Repertum (VeR) korban meninggal dari kasus KLL. Hasil penelitian mendapatkan bahwa jumlah keseluruhan korban sebanyak 36 kasus dengan 28 korban memenuhi kriteria inklusi dan eksklusi. Sepanjang tahun 2022-2023 kasus terbanyak terjadi di bulan Maret dengan total enam korban meninggal. Korban terbanyak berjenis kelamin laki-laki, dan usia pada kelompok 17-25 tahun (28,57%). Jenis luka terbanyak berupa luka lecet (54,7%), dengan lokasi tersering pada bagian kepala dan wajah. Jenis peran korban terbanyak sebagai pengemudi (28,5%) dengan kendaraan paling banyak terlibat berupa sepeda motor (32,14%). Kata kunci: kecelakaan lalu lintas; pola luka
Scalp Defect of Cranioplasty with Titanium Mesh: A Case Report Sonbay, Antonius E.; Prasetyo, Eko; Oley, Maximillian C.; Manuhutu, Yovanka; Tjungkagi, Ferdinan
Medical Scope Journal Vol. 7 No. 2 (2025): Medical Scope Journal
Publisher : Universitas Sam Ratulangi

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.35790/msj.v7i2.59703

Abstract

Abstract: Several implant materials for cranioplasty have been studied, including autologous bone, titanium mesh, polyetheretherketone (PEEK), and polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA). Titanium mesh is believed to have excellent biocompatibility, low cost, and satisfactory cosmetic effects, especially in three-dimensional (3D) custom-made meshes. We reported a 54-year-old man complaining of open wound in his left temporoparietal region since a month. Blood tests showed leukocytosis. Patient was diagnosed as scalp infection with previous cranioplasty using bone cement on temporoparietal region. The patient underwent scalp reconstruction with skin flap, removing skin defect, and split thickness skin graft (STSG) from left thigh. Patient was provided with outpatient medication consisting of analgesics and broad-spectrum antibiotics. Follow-up assessment 14 days after surgery did not reveal any secondary infections on titanium mesh implant and skin flap. The main complications of cranioplasty, in addition to the studied aesthetic results, are represented by the risk of infection, postoperative hematoma, impaired wound healing, as well as prolonged failure due to transplant absorption or infection, as a result of which the prosthesis needs to be removed. In conclusion, titanium mesh is still a better choice of material for cranioplasty in many factors such as price, accessibility, infection rate, and biocompatibility Keywords: scalp; cranioplasty; head injury; prosthesis

Page 1 of 2 | Total Record : 16