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Journal of Paradiplomacy and City Networks
Published by Universitas Muhammadiyah Yogyakarta
ISSN : 28305922     EISSN : 28305914     DOI : https://doi.org/10.18196/jpcn
Core Subject : Social,
Social Sciences
The core of the journal focuses on Paradiplomacy and City Networks which revolves around international cooperation by the regional government, and actorness such as mayors, local legislators, governors, and other sub-national elected officials who have traditionally engaged in international activities for their trade promotion, investment, and economic development through city-to-city exchanges, business study groups, international exchange and capacity building for local bureaucrats, youth exchanges for the benefit of their local communities. Paradiplomacy activities may also include international organizations as interlocutors of the policy processes propelled by local public action. But unlike other data sources, the Journal of Paradiplomacy and City Networks ensures that unbiased and uninfluenced research is promoted with a vision to contribute to the peace and stability of the international society. We believe that the blatant truth about covert agendas of politics is the only hindrance to sustainable growth. Therefore, our focus remains on the publication of field-based knowledge to uproot the critical problems.
Arjuna Subject : Ilmu Sosial - Ilmu Politik dan Hubungan Internasional
Articles 8 Documents
 1 
Search results for , issue "Vol. 4 No. 2: December 2025" : 8 Documents clear
Urban Responses to War: The Pact of Free Cities in the Russia-Ukraine Crisis Anantakupa, Azhar Gusti; Ömer Kutay Seyrek
Journal of Paradiplomacy and City Networks Vol. 4 No. 2: December 2025
Publisher : Universitas Muhammadiyah Yogyakarta

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.18196/jpcn.v4i2.92

Abstract

This study examined the role of the Pact of Free Cities in responding to the Russia-Ukraine crisis, emphasizing the growing significance of urban paradiplomacy in contemporary international relations. The research addressed the issue of how cities operate as autonomous actors during international crises, independently from their national governments. This topic was considered significant due to the increasing visibility of cities in humanitarian responses and political positioning on the global stage. A qualitative comparative analysis was conducted focusing on the four founding members of the Pact: Warsaw, Prague, Bratislava, and Budapest. The approach involved examining municipal responses to the crisis in relation to their respective national stances. The findings uncovered that Warsaw, Prague, and Bratislava demonstrated alignment between local and national support for Ukraine. In contrast, Budapest’s municipal government adopted a pro-Ukrainian position, diverging sharply from the national government’s pro-Russian orientation. This contrast illustrated the potential of cities to assert independent international positions and contribute meaningfully to global humanitarian and democratic efforts. The study concluded that the Pact of Free Cities has served as a vital platform for cities to uphold democratic values and foster international solidarity, even when national narratives are at odds with one another.
Subnational Foreign Policy in a Global Context: The Case of Córdoba’s Paradiplomacy toward the United States and China (2011–2023) Trebucq, Federico
Journal of Paradiplomacy and City Networks Vol. 4 No. 2: December 2025
Publisher : Universitas Muhammadiyah Yogyakarta

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.18196/jpcn.v4i2.104

Abstract

This study analyzed the paradiplomatic activity of the Córdoba provincial government toward the United States and China from 2011 to 2023, aiming to identify similarities and differences in the strategies adopted in relation to both global powers, while considering possible constraints arising from the international context. The research is framed within the field of paradiplomacy studies, conceiving of non-central governments as actors with autonomous capacity for engagement in transnational settings. A mixed-method approach was employed: a qualitative analysis that contextualized the actions according to their type, institutional framework, and thematic dimensions; and a quantitative analysis that classified the 98 identified actions based on the role of the provincial government (as actor or facilitator) and the scope of application (domestic or international). The findings disclosed that Córdoba’s international engagement was predominantly economic and commercial, with a facilitator–international profile, and that while relations with the United States focused on services, technology, and education, those with China emphasized infrastructure, agro-industry, and investment, in both cases without evidence of a long-term strategic plan.
Angklung as an Instrument of Paradiplomacy: A Case Study on the Sister Province Relations of West Java-Sichuan and West Java-Chungcheongnam-do Athallah, Muhammad Raja; Sari, Deasy Silvya
Journal of Paradiplomacy and City Networks Vol. 4 No. 2: December 2025
Publisher : Universitas Muhammadiyah Yogyakarta

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.18196/jpcn.v4i2.106

Abstract

West Java’s rich cultural heritage presents immense potential for the province’s advancement. The active paradiplomacy that West Java fosters with various international provinces significantly amplifies the potential utilization of its cultural assets. West Java stands out as one of Indonesia’s provinces with high and effective paradiplomacy activities. In conjunction with West Java’s ongoing paradiplomatic processes, the angklung emerges as an instrument embodying the value of unity and harmony. Sichuan and Chungcheongnam-do served as key respondents for observing the implementation of the angklung as an instrument in West Java’s paradiplomacy. The strong relationship between West Java and its two sister provinces has led to the renewal of the Memorandum of Understanding and the effective continuation of collaborative programs within their active cooperation periods. The utilization of the angklung, originating from West Java, offers insights into how soft power operates within the paradiplomacy. The direct link between paradiplomacy and soft power made this research particularly compelling. Drawing from the participant observation method conducted by the researchers as part of West Java’s efforts, this study focuses on the correlation between the angklung and the values championed in West Java’s paradiplomacy with its two sister province partners. 
Subnational Economic Diplomacy in Resource-Rich Regions: Tin-Based Paradiplomacy by the Bangka Belitung Provincial Government Ramadhani, Ery; Mohammad Raihan Nadhir
Journal of Paradiplomacy and City Networks Vol. 4 No. 2: December 2025
Publisher : Universitas Muhammadiyah Yogyakarta

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.18196/jpcn.v4i2.118

Abstract

This study examined the paradiplomatic activities of the Bangka Belitung Provincial Government in attracting international investment to the tin sector. It underscores the growing importance of subnational diplomacy in decentralized, resource-rich regions amidst global imperatives of sustainability and better economic management. It was prompted by the lack of institutional analysis on the utilization of economic diplomacy by local governments in the Global South to rebrand commodities on international markets. Through semi-structured interviews with government representatives, private interests, and civil society stakeholders, supplemented by documentary analysis, a qualitative case study method was pursued. It was performed using the lenses of paradiplomacy, economic diplomacy, and ESG-based governance. Findings uncovered that Bangka Belitung has transitioned from passive natural resource commodity exportation to active international diplomatic branding through the employment of trade missions, advertising campaigns, and memoranda of understanding. However, institutional fragmentation, coordination problems, and the inability to create ESG mechanisms remain as challenges. Despite this, the efforts of the province have testified to increased sensitivity toward international legitimacy as a resource. The study argued that effective subnational diplomacy in natural resource-based economies is contingent upon strategic framing and institutional cohesiveness. Bangka Belitung’s experience could serve as a benchmark for localized diplomacy in the Global South amid the rise of globalized mineral governance.
Climate Commitments: Analyzing the Application of ITMO in Indonesia-South Korea Bilateral Relations Danuwijaya, Try; Ongom, Trevor Graham
Journal of Paradiplomacy and City Networks Vol. 4 No. 2: December 2025
Publisher : Universitas Muhammadiyah Yogyakarta

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.18196/jpcn.v4i2.119

Abstract

This study explores the evolving dynamics of climate diplomacy between Indonesia and South Korea through the lens of multitrack diplomacy and green political theory, focusing on the implementation of Internationally Transferred Mitigation Outcomes (ITMO) under Article 6 of the Paris Agreement. As global climate commitments increasingly rely on cooperative market-based mechanisms, bilateral partnerships have emerged as crucial pathways for achieving Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs). Indonesia and South Korea have developed an ambitious climate collaboration agenda that not only involves traditional government-to-government (Track 1) engagement but also incorporates non-state actors, including research institutions, business sectors, and civil society organizations that operate across multiple tracks of diplomacy. This article investigates how these diverse actors advance the ITMO cooperation and contribute to strengthening bilateral environmental relations. Drawing on secondary data and document analysis, this paper illustrates how the synergy between tracks creates an enabling environment for technology transfer, capacity building, and joint carbon-offset projects, positioning ITMOs as both a diplomatic instrument and a climate policy tool. Although the partnership is promising, challenges remain in harmonizing regulatory frameworks. The findings highlight the necessity of a comprehensive Multitrack Diplomacy approach to maximize cross-sectoral engagement in ITMO implementation, especially on a bilateral basis.
Paradiplomacy and Democratic Resilience in the Sahel: Subnational Strategies Against Democratic Reversals Idrees Mahmud Gana; Suleiman Mohammed Evuti
Journal of Paradiplomacy and City Networks Vol. 4 No. 2: December 2025
Publisher : Universitas Muhammadiyah Yogyakarta

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.18196/jpcn.v4i2.122

Abstract

Since 2020, the Sahel has witnessed a dramatic resurgence of military coups, with democratic institutions collapsing in Mali, Guinea, Burkina Faso, Chad, and Niger. The Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS), traditionally positioned as a custodian of constitutional order, has responded with sanctions, suspensions, and threats of intervention. However, these state-centric measures have achieved limited success and often exacerbated humanitarian crises. This article argues that subnational actors, through paradiplomatic practices, have emerged as critical agents of democratic resilience. Drawing on secondary data, policy documents, and scholarly literature, the study integrates a paradiplomacy theory with multi-level governance and “democracy from below” perspectives. It demonstrates how city-to-city networks, cross-border municipal cooperation, and civil society coalitions sustain governance functions and uphold democratic norms in contexts of national authoritarian consolidation. The findings suggest that durable strategies for countering democratic reversals must combine ECOWAS’s top-down enforcement with subnational, bottom-up resilience mechanisms. The article contributes empirically by analyzing Sahelian cases, theoretically by extending the concept of paradiplomacy to fragile states, and normatively by proposing multi-layered responses to the resurgence of authoritarianism.
South-South Paradiplomacy: A Channelling Mechanism of Denpasar-Mossel Bay Sister-City Cooperation Isti Nur Rahmahwati; Jevons Kollie Kawala
Journal of Paradiplomacy and City Networks Vol. 4 No. 2: December 2025
Publisher : Universitas Muhammadiyah Yogyakarta

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.18196/jpcn.v4i2.123

Abstract

The practice of paradiplomacy in the Global South countries is currently on the rise. While prior studies have predominantly focused on Global North paradiplomacy, this paper demonstrates how legal regimes structurally channel paradiplomacy yet remain resilient in digital formats, using a case study of Denpasar-Mossel Bay sister city cooperation. It was analyzed as a contemporary manifestation of South-South cooperation rooted in the historical ‘Bandung Spirit’ but adapted to the modern imperatives of local development. This paper refines Lecours’ three-layered model of paradiplomacy by situating it within a Global South regulatory context, employing qualitative analysis of a case study and discourse. The findings revealed that Denpasar-Mossel Bay sister city cooperation is a pragmatic and resilient form of apolitical paradiplomacy, strategically focused on economic and cultural-technical objectives while deliberately avoiding political dimensions. This channeling of sub-national ambition is a direct consequence of the national regulatory framework. The case exhibits a remarkable capacity for adaptation, particularly through the adoption of digital methods during the COVID-19 pandemic, which helped sustain the relationship and ultimately led to its renewal. The paper concluded that South-South paradiplomacy represents a viable, cost-effective model for mutual development, knowledge exchange, and a democratized form of international engagement for sub-national actors in developing countries.
Orchestrated Paradiplomacy: A Multilevel Governance Analysis of the Indonesia-China ‘Two Countries, Twin Parks’ Initiative Riyanto, Budi; Keliat, Cyntia; Lamza, Widia
Journal of Paradiplomacy and City Networks Vol. 4 No. 2: December 2025
Publisher : Universitas Muhammadiyah Yogyakarta

Show Abstract | Download Original | Original Source | Check in Google Scholar | DOI: 10.18196/jpcn.v4i2.124

Abstract

This paper examines the Indonesia-China ‘Two Countries, Twin Parks’ (TCTP) initiative as a novel form of economic paradiplomacy nested within the broader Belt and Road Initiative (BRI). The TCTP transcends traditional sub-national diplomacy, representing a complex, multi-tiered arrangement of actors and interests. Unlike the autonomous "micro-diplomacy" of the post-Cold War era, the TCTP demonstrates how central states effectively mobilize sub-national intermediaries—specifically provincial governments and industrial estate operators—to achieve transnational strategic goals. This article extends Multilevel Governance (MLG) theory by conceptualizing "orchestrated paradiplomacy" as a distinct, nested form of sub-national diplomacy embedded within global geoeconomic strategies. This study argues that the new paradiplomacy framework is essential to deconstruct the intricate interplay of actors at the supranational, national, and sub-national levels. Using a qualitative methodology that analyzes official documents, academic literature, and credible reports, this paper maps the TCTP’s architecture and actor motivations. The findings reveal that while the initiative creates significant economic opportunities through transnational supply chain integration, it simultaneously generates profound governance challenges. These challenges manifest as policy coordination gaps and the externalization of negative socio-environmental impacts at the local level, stemming from misaligned priorities between the geoeconomic objectives of higher governance tiers and the regulatory responsibilities of local authorities. The paper concludes by discussing critical policy implications, arguing that a rebalancing of governance is required to empower local ecological and social oversight, thereby addressing the "governance deficit" inherent in state-orchestrated development models.

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